Philosophy an introduction

PHILOSOPHY AN INTRODUCTION

PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is the science of the logical foundation of all knowledge

It is the first logical science Philosophy is the highest generalization

which scientific research suggest. It consist of great unifying truth, the science

of sciences.

PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is:     (a) the attempt to acquire knowledge     (b) by rational means    (c) about topics that do not seem amenable to empirical investigation. 

Condition (a) distinguishes philosophy from creative disciplines such as literature or music. (b) distinguishes philosophy from mysticism and some varieties of religion. (c) distinguishes philosophy from the empirical sciences.

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KNOWLEDGE

What you didn’t knowYou didn’t know that you didn’t knowSince you didn’t know you didn’t miss what you didn’t know

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WHAT IS ‘PHILOSOPHY’?

Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.” (Pythagoras.) Love for wisdom

Knowledge + Action = Wisdom

"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing ." (Socrates)

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PHILOSOPHICAL PROCESS

Set the Limit

Know the essence

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VALID KNOWLEDGE

Imagination 60%

Wishful thinking 20%

Belief 15%

Essence 05%

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DESIRE TO KNOW

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HOW TO KNOW?

Calm down to know

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PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS

Who created universe?

What is the nature of reality? Is the world really as it appears to beWhat makes an action right or wrong? Is the universe interested in good or evil?

The process of reflecting and criticizing basic belief

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METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY

Reasoning to evaluate an argument

Knowledge should be used with the present context

Power of Voice Dialectic: an interchange of ideas.Dialogue: an exchange of argumentArgument = A claim with reasons offered in support of it

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HI(S)TORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Ancient

• Ancient - B.C. 600 ~ C.E.

Medieval

• Medieval - 600 ~ 1600

Modern

• Modern - 1600 ~ 1900

Contemporary

• Contemporary- 1600 - Present

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ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY B.C. 600 ~ C.E.

Cosmocentric

Beginning of everything

Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY – 600 ~ 1600

Theocentric: the study of the existence, nature, and essence of

God;

Ethical: existence of evil and the immortality of the soul

St. Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Tertullian

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MODERN PHILOSOPHY – 1600 ~ 1900

Anthropocentric: the study of man (in relation to himself, others,

nature, and God)

Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant

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CONTEMPORARY – 1900 ~ PRESENT

Explosive: it has no center

Auguste Comte, Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre

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BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy

Logic Metaphysics

Epistemology Ethics

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WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY?

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge

• How knowledge is relates to truth, belief, and justification.

• The means of production of knowledge• Skepticism about different knowledge claims

• James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864)

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EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS

What is knowledge?

What do people know?

Is human knowledge trustworthy?

Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom

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LOGIC

A philosophical study on the correct processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid argument

Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

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METAPHYSICS

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The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

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ETHICS

A philosophical study on the morality (goodness or badness) of human actions (conduct)

What should one do?

Descriptive – Sociology

Normative – Prescriptive

Mataethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

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THANKS