Period 4: c. 1450 – 1750

Period 4: c. 1450 – 1750

?What’s the single most momentous event of

this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world?

!What’s the single most momentous event of

this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world?

The arrival of Europeans in the Americas

EuropeOver roughly the century following the Black

Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon?

EuropeOver roughly the century following the Black

Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon?

The Renaissance (c. 1300s-1600)

EuropeAs Europeans became reacquainted with the

texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual?

EuropeAs Europeans became reacquainted with the

texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual?

Humanism

EuropeThe intellectual revolution that was the

Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade?

EuropeThe intellectual revolution that was the

Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade?

Italy

EuropeWhy was the Medici family of Florence

famous?

EuropeWhy was the Medici family of Florence

famous?

They turned their city into a showcase of art and architecture by being patrons for some of the greatest artists of all time, such as Michelangelo.

EuropeIn contrast to the flat works of medieval

artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages?

EuropeIn contrast to the flat works of medieval artists,

Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages?

Medieval art was almost always focused on religion and found in cathedrals, whereas Renaissance art was both religious and secular, and could be found in public places and the private homes of patrons.

EuropeWho gets credit for inventing moveable type

and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)?

EuropeWho gets credit for inventing moveable type

and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)?

Johannes Gutenberg

EuropeWhy is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by

many scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium?

EuropeWhy is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many

scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium?

It made books easier to produce and far more affordable … which led to greatly increased literacy rates. It also fundamentally underlay the exchange of ideas that accompanied the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, which found its ultimate political expression in the spread of democracy.

EuropeWhat other major event of the 16th century

did the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther?

EuropeWhat other major event of the 16th century did

the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther?

The Protestant Reformation, because now people could read the Bible for themselves in their own vernacular, or native language, rather than rely on Church officials for interpretation.

EuropeWhat was Martin Luther’s beef with the

Catholic Church?

EuropeWhat was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic

Church?He took issue with the selling of indulgences (which

supposedly reduced your time in purgatory and implied you could buy your way into heaven), thought church services should be conducted in local languages instead of Latin, and claimed salvation was given by God through grace directly to individuals – not through good works and the authorization of the Catholic Church.

EuropeAnother major figure responsible for the

spread of Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?

EuropeAnother major figure responsible for the spread of

Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?

John Calvin, whose Calvinism influenced John Knox in Scotland and the minority Huguenots in largely Catholic France.

EuropeWho declared himself the head of the Church

of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?

EuropeWho declared himself the head of the Church

of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?King Henry VIII, who renounced the

Catholic Church in Rome after the pope refused to grant him a marriage annulment (he wanted to leave his wife, Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give him a son to be heir to the throne).

Scientific RevolutionWhy did the Church put Galileo on trial

before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?

Scientific RevolutionWhy did the Church put Galileo on trial

before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?

He published a book that showed scientifically how the model of the universe that the Church supported – the Ptolemaic theory that the Earth was the center of the universe – was incorrect.

Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution further eroded the

power of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?

Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution further eroded the power

of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?

A Deist believes that God exists but doesn’t answer prayers … that God created the universe but lets it run by its own natural laws without divine intervention.

Scientific RevolutionAdvances in thinking associated with the

Scientific Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States?

Scientific RevolutionAdvances in thinking associated with the Scientific

Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States?

The Enlightenment

EnlightenmentWhat was the Enlightenment idea most

clearly associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?

EnlightenmentWhat was the Enlightenment idea most clearly

associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?

Locke = all men born equal, entitled to unalienable rights (life, liberty, property)

Voltaire = freedom of speech and religionMontesquieu = separation of powers among

branches of government

EnlightenmentJoseph II of Austria and Frederick II of

Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power?

EnlightenmentJoseph II of Austria and Frederick II of

Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power?

Enlightened Monarchs (or Enlightened Despots)

ExplorationWhat triggered the Age of Exploration?

ExplorationWhat triggered the Age of Exploration?Improvements in sailing technology

enabled it, but the real impetus was the European desire to find direct trade routes to the East that bypassed the Muslim and Italian middlemen, from whom many items had to be purchased.

ExplorationWho was Prince Henry the Navigator?

ExplorationWho was Prince Henry the Navigator?A Portuguese royal who encouraged his country’s

early lead in exploration. Because of its close proximity to Africa, Portugal had close trade ties with Muslim nations and was the first European power to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean (thanks to Vasco de Gama and his crew).

ExplorationAfter Columbus’ arrival in the Americas,

Spain and Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes?

ExplorationAfter Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and

Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes?

The Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a longitudinal line in the Western Atlantic Ocean: Spain got land to the west of the line, while Portugal got dibs on land to the east.

AmericasHernan Cortes conquered what American

empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century?

AmericasHernan Cortes conquered what American

empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century?

The Aztecs

AmericasWhat Spanish conquistador conquered the

even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army?

AmericasWhat Spanish conquistador conquered the

even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army?

Francisco Pizarro

AmericasWhy were Cortes and Pizarro – and later

Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas?

AmericasWhy were Cortes and Pizarro – and later

Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas?

They had superior technology (including ships and guns), horses and diseases to which the Amerindians were not immune.

AmericasDiseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90

percent of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade?

AmericasDiseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90 percent

of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade?

When Europeans recognized the land as ideal for cash-crop plantations (especially for sugar in the Caribbean and Brazil), they needed a great deal of labor to plant and harvest … so they turned to Africa.

American FeudalismWhat labor system in the Americas, used by

the Spaniards to build their colonial empire, was in many ways similar to European serfdom?

American FeudalismWhat labor system in the Americas, used by

the Spaniard to build their colonial empire, was in many ways similar to European serfdom?

The encomienda system

Columbian ExchangeWhat was the Columbian Exchange?

Columbian ExchangeWhat was the Columbian Exchange?The transfer between the Americas and Europe

(and eventually to the rest of the world) of foods, animals, diseases and other resources. To the Americas came such things as horses, cattle, pigs, goats, sugar cane and smallpox. From the Americas came corn, potatoes, squash, beans, cacao, manioc, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers and silver.

Financing ExplorationAlong with the Church backing away from its

ban on charging interest for loans, what financial innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration into a complete Commercial Revolution?

Financing ExplorationAlong with the Church backing away from its

ban on charging interest for loans, what financial innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration into a complete Commercial Revolution?

The creation of the joint-stock company, in which investors could pool their money and share risk, then split the profits.

EconomicsWhat theory of economics underlay the desire

among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than import to grow wealthy)?

EconomicsWhat theory of economics underlay the desire

among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than import to grow wealthy)?

Mercantilism

SpainWhat major act of institutional intolerance did

Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late 15th century, in which they persecuted and expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam … and partly explains why Spain was unable to maintain its initial position as the strongest European power during the Age of Exploration?

SpainWhat major act of institutional intolerance did

Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late 15th century, in which they persecuted and expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam … and partly explains why Spain was unable to maintain its initial position as the strongest European power during the Age of Exploration?

Spanish Inquisition

EnglandWhat daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen

from 1558 to 1603 – a golden time during which the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East India Company got off the ground and the first English colony was established in North America (Roanoke in Virginia)?

EnglandWhat daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from

1558 to 1603 – a golden time during which the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East India Company got off the ground and the first English colony was established in North America (Roanoke in Virginia)?

Elizabeth I

EnglandWhat happened to Charles I near the end of

the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that had never before happened to a reigning monarch anywhere?

EnglandWhat happened to Charles I at the conclusion

of the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that had never before happened to a reigning monarch anywhere?

He was found guilty of treason and executed.

EnglandThe Glorious Revolution (1688) was the

bloodless overthrow of King James II by William and Mary. What form of government – in which the royal family explicitly recognized Parliament as a partner in governing and was codified by the English Bill of Rights (1689) – was established following the Glorious Revolution?

EnglandThe Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless

overthrow of King James II by William and Mary. What form of government – in which the royal family explicitly recognized Parliament as a partner in governing and was codified by the English Bill of Rights (1689) – was established following the Glorious Revolution?

constitutional monarchy

FranceAlthough Louis XIV was perhaps the most

legendary of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was the ultimate legacy he left to France?

FranceAlthough Louis XIV was perhaps the most

legendary of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was the ultimate legacy he left to France?

France may have been the most cultured state in all of Europe with regard to such things as art and literature, but his costly wars and extravagant Palace of Versailles weakened the country financially and set it on course ultimately for the violent and radical French Revolution later in the 1700s.

Central EuropeWhat conflict during the first half of the 17th

century strengthened France and Prussia but killed perhaps one-third of the people living in the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?

Central EuropeWhat conflict during the first half of the 17th

century strengthened France and Prussia but killed perhaps one-third of the people living in the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the Peace of Westphalia?

Thirty Years’ War

PrussiaTrue or False: Prussia was the country formed

by the combination of Poland and Russia?

PrussiaTrue or False: Prussia was the country formed

by the combination of Poland and Russia?

False – Prussia was a strong city-state centered in Berlin, which was later a key part of the unification of Germany during the 19th century.

RussiaWhy was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”

RussiaWhy was Moscow called the “Third Rome?”

Rome, of course, was the “First Rome” … and Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the “Second Rome” … and after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Moscow shrugged off the Mongols and became the center of Orthodox Christianity.

RussiaWho ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built

Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a new capital, and recruited western European engineers, architects and scientists in his effort to “westernize” Russia?

RussiaWho ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built

Russia’s first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a new capital, and recruited western European engineers, architects and scientists in his effort to “westernize” Russia?

Peter the Great (the capital was St. Petersburg)

Gunpowder EmpiresWhich empire was founded by Osman Bey as

the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now Turkey and eventually became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it weakened and finally fell after World War I?

Gunpowder EmpiresWhich empire was founded by Osman Bey as

the Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now Turkey and eventually became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” as it weakened and finally fell after World War I?

Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder EmpiresThe Ottomans enslaved the children of their

Christian subjects and trained them to be an elite corps of warriors known as what?

Gunpowder EmpiresThe Ottomans enslaved the children of their

Christian subjects and trained them to be an elite corps of warriors known as what?

Janissaries

Gunpowder EmpiresName the Mughal ruler who was a

contemporary of England’s Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of India by governing with a policy of religious toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?

Gunpowder EmpiresName the Mughal ruler who was a

contemporary of England’s Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of India by governing with a policy of religious toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?

Akbar

AfricaWhat kingdom had close economic ties with

Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves from the interior of Africa?

AfricaWhat kingdom had close economic ties with

Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves from the interior of Africa?

Kongo

ChinaWhy did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and

fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)?

ChinaWhy did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and

fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)?

The Ming were unable to deal with crises such as piracy and famine mainly because of inept, hedonistic emperors who neglected the affairs of state and allowed eunuch intermediaries to grow powerful and corrupt.

ChinaThe Manchus preserved their distinctive

cultural and ethnic identities (they outlawed intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they feel about China’s Confucian tradition?

ChinaThe Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural and

ethnic identities (they outlawed intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they feel about China’s Confucian tradition?

They embraced it. Kangxi (who ruled from 1661 to 1722), for example, studied Confucian classics and tried to apply their teachings during his “enlightened” rule.

JapanDescribe Japan under the Tokugawa

Shogunate (1600-1868).

JapanDescribe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate

(1600-1868).The emperor and daimyo (feudal lords) were

marginalized as the shogun seized power and ownership of all lands. A rigid social class not unlike a caste system was instituted (warrior, farmer, artisan and merchant), and trade and travel was severely restricted – which kept Japan secluded until the mid-1800s.

TechnologyWhat three technological innovations did

Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in order to become the dominant global power during this time period?

TechnologyWhat three technological innovations did

Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in order to become the dominant global power during this time period?

Gunpowder weapons, navigation and naval technologies, and the printing press