State Building 1450-1750 Aim: How were empires successfully built in the period of 1450-1750?

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Slide 2 State Building 1450-1750 Aim: How were empires successfully built in the period of 1450-1750? Slide 3 Maritime Empires AP ALERT! spivey.wikispaces.com Slide 4 Land Empires AP ALERT! https://qed.princeton.edu/index.php/User:Student/Eurasian_Land_Empires_c._1700 Slide 5 Maritime vs Land Empire Define when is an Empire Maritime or Land? Slavery vs Serfdom Similarities and differences Trade Routes what role do they play in each type of Empire? What makes an Empire powerful? Natural Resources, Military might, Peoples jobs, Trade, etc. Slide 6 Russia large, agriculturally based serfdom, multi-ethnic Empire political overview) Kievan Rus (882-1283 CE) First kingdom of Rus based in city of Kiev in modern day Ukraine, that gain much of its culture from the Byzantine Empire (Orthodox Christianity, Emperor / Caesar / Czar, etc.) Golden Horde (Mongols / Tatars) conquest (1240s 1470s) Rise of Muscovy as chief city Russian Empire -Ivan III (The Great) (1440-1503 CE) throws out the Tatars and Nogovad Kingdoms and establishes Rurik Dynasty -Ivan IV (The Terrible) (1530-1584 CE) extends Russian Empire to the Pacific but erratic behavior leads to period of chaos called the Time of Troubles -Peter The Great (1682-1721) emphasizes modernization of Russia looking to Europe (Navy, technology, education, trade, wars, etc.) -Catherine the Great (1762-1796) Russian Empire reaches largest extent. Uses Enlightenment ideals to further European emphasis Slide 7 Social System of the Russian Empire CZARS Assumed throne By bloodline line NOBLES Provincial governors SERFS Peasants; labor sources to support economy Slide 8 Russian Empire overview continued Agricultural economy where 90% of people live in rural areas and on large farms Some Nobles are control very large lands and are thus very powerful acting as almost regional rulers since the Tsar is far away Russian serfs are often treated worse than serfs in any other European country that is located west of Russia and thus closer to Western Europe Russian Empire is territorially largest Empire in world BUT it is mostly relatively empty east of the Ural Mountains (Asia) and 90% of the population lives West of the Ural Mountains (Europe) Russian Empire is technologically behind the rest of Europe so it is often not as militarily powerful as its smaller Western counterparts if it ever had gained technologically it could have become the most powerful country in Europe (this is what happens after World War II) Slide 9 The Rise of the Russian Empire Ivan III (aka Ivan the Great) stopped paying tribute to the Mongol Empire in 1480 Established a strong central government ruled by a czar who ruled by divine right After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivanthegreat.html Slide 10 The Expansion of the Russian Empire Slide 11 Peter I (Peter the Great) Reign: 1682-1721 Strict autocrat and firm believer in military power Began the westernization movement in Russia Beard Tax Developed Secret Police who prevented dissent and supervise bureaucracy Gained territory on eastern coast of Baltic Sea Created first Russian navy Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg Agriculture was the focus of the economy; serfdom encouraged Slide 12 Catherine The Great Reign : 1762- 1796 Westernization policies (art, architecture, justice) Reduced severe punishments for crimes Advanced Russias borders to Black Sea & waged 2 successful wars against Ottoman Empire Founded Russias first college of medicine Brought ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia Strictly enforced serfdom Slide 13 Questions Which Tsar was the most important in the Russian Empire and why? Why doesnt the Tsar try to change Russias backwards society and make Russia the dominant power in Europe? Why dont the peasants revolt against the nobles and Tsar since they are over 90% of the population? Slide 14 The Ottomans Gain Strength Gunpowder made the Ottomans powerful Janissaries (elite fighting force made up of enslaved Christian boys) Janissaries selected by a process called devshirme Jannisary http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300350/Janissary-corps http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.html Learn more about the selection process of the Janissaries! Slide 15 The Ottoman Empire Expands Ottomans started out as semi-nomadic Turks 1453 captured Constantinople, ended the Byzantine Empire (woohoo, lower taxes!) Added Syria, Egypt, North Africa to their empire Ottomans were a threat to the Hapsburg dynasty (Austria) until 1683 Slide 16 Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17 th Century Slide 17 Constantinople renamed Istanbul Sophisticated city- aqueducts, marketplace, religious schools, hospitals Merchants and artisans Government carefully monitored trade Haghia Sophia turned into a mosque Haghia Sophia Slide 18 Religious, but Tolerant The Ottoman Sultan was a political and religious ruler (incorporated the idea of caliph) Europeans were afraid of the Ottomans, but admired them as well He tramples the soil of Hungary with 200,000 horses, he is at the very gates of Austria, threatens the rest of Germany -1555 Excerpts from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: Ambassador of the Hapsburg Empire Q: Who do you think Busbecq is describing here? http://www.arts.ualberta.ca Slide 19 Jean Bodin (16 th cen. French philosopher) The King of the Turks who rules over a great part of Europe safeguards the rites of religion as well as any prince in this world. Yet he constrains no one, but on the contrary permits everyone to live as his conscience dictates. Q: Which aspect of Ottoman rule does Bodin admire? Ways of the World p.649 Slide 20 Jews in the Ottoman Empire http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu /i-jewish-population/1-sephardic-diaspora- regional-trends/d-ottoman-empire/http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu /i-jewish-population/1-sephardic-diaspora- regional-trends/d-ottoman-empire Slide 21 Women in the Ottoman Empire Patriarchal society Depending on the economic situation, women did domestic work or supervised their servants Women were restricted from leaving the home but could legally attend weddings, cemeteries, and public baths Marriages were arranged Few women were literate Women could earn a living, own industries, and practice medicine http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/selj.htm https://www.reconstructinghistory.com/rh406-ottoman-turkish-woman.php?s=&c=22&d=34&p=433&w=21 Slide 22 The Harem Private domain for the sultan Concubines and relatives of sultan lived there Women close to the sultan were powerful Slave origin, non-Muslim Trained in sewing, music, reading, Koran http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html Read about a powerful woman in the Ottoman harem! Slide 23 The Mughal Empire http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/image18.gif Slide 24 The Mughals (1526-1700s) Founded by Babur in 1526 First Islamic ruler to use muskets and artillery Grandson- Akbar the Great http://lighthousepatriotjournal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/13386500_1_babur.jpg http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MUGHAL/BABUR.HTM Slide 25 Akbar the Great Akbar abolished the jizya Encouraged intermarriage between Hindus and Muslims Established Din-i-llahi (The religion of God)as a universal religion- had elements of Zoroastrianism (i.e. divine kingship), and Jainism (respect for all living things) Akbar the Great http://images.exoticindiaart.com/mughal/a_portrait_of_king_akbar_the_falconer_mf93.jpg Slide 26 The Red Fort Built in Agra in1565 by Akbar the Great It is one of the most obvious symbols of the Mogul grandeur under Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Allposters.com http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251 Slide 27 Shah Jahan- patron of the arts Blend of Islamic domes, arches, minarets, with Hindu decorations Built Taj Mahal (tomb for his deceased second wife, Mumtaz Mahal) Shah Jahans son, Aurangzeb, imprisoned him in Agra Fort for 8 years(where he died) Aurangzeb tried to rid India of Hindu influences and he brought back the jizya http://www.memo.fr/Media/Taj_Mahal.jpg Other Mughal Rulers: Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html Slide 28 jbapwoh.wikispaces.com The Islamic Gunpowder Empires Slide 29 The Songhay Empire http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/songhai-empire0.gif Slide 30 The Songhay Empire (1464-1591) Sunni Ali consolidated empire, expanded former Mali empire (conquered Timbuktu and Jenne) Promoted Islam Timbuktu- city of learning (mosques, schools, Islamic university) Jenne- major trading city Organized army, navy Trans-Saharan trade brought salt, textiles, and metal in exchange for gold and slaves) Largest empire in African history Defeated by Moroccans in 1591 Kaplan Wsu.edu Slide 31 Jenne: Center of Trade The town of Jenne (Djenne) was founded near Jenne- jeno between 800 and 1250 A.D. and grew to become an even more significant trans-Saharan trading center than its neighbor. By the fourteenth century, gold, kola, and slaves from the southern savanna, salt and manuscripts from the Sahara, and the staple foods of the Inland Niger Delta were bartered here in an extensive web of trade reaching as far as northern Africa and Europe. By the sixteenth century, Jenne had become one of the foremost market centers on the African continent. Source: Inland Niger Delta | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of ArtInland Niger Delta | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art Slide 32 Architecture in Timbuktu Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion? Newsrescue.com Slide 33 The Kongo Kingdom (1300s- 1600s) Slide 34 Kongo 14 th century- Kongo was a centralized state along the west coast of central Africa 1482- Portuguese arrive and establish relations with the king King Affonso I converted to Catholicism and tried to convert all of his subjects Portuguese brought textiles and weapons Africans supplied Portuguese with gold, silver, ivory, and slaves (dealt with local leaders) King felt undermined, and was defeated in a war by the Portuguese in 1665 Slide 35 Learn more about the Christian Influences in the Kongo! http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_ac ko.htmhttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_ac ko.htm Slide 36 Latin America Before Independence http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/latiname.htm Slide 37 The Spanish Empire 1492- voyages of Columbus Papal lines of demarcation made Spain in charge of the New World Conquistadors (i.e.Cortes, Pizarro) expanded Spanish Empire 1535- viceroyalty system started in New Spain Spread Catholicism Extracted gold and a lot of silver Instituted a system of forced labor, the encomienda system. Clergy protested. When the encomienda system was abolished in 1542, African slaves were imported Slide 38 Portugal Brazil- major territory for the Portuguese Discovered by accident by Pedro Cabral Portuguese had superior technology and diseases Exploited natives for labor Mass conversions to Catholicism Plantations produced sugarcane African slaves imported to work on plantations Brazil was the last country in the Americas to outlaw slavery (1888) Slide 39 China Overview 1450-1750 Since early 1400s China (Ming) stops Sinification focus and voyages of Zheng He and works on internal issues. China is self sufficient, lots of natural resources, large population and markets, enough agriculture so it does not need to trade with others thus it is the Middle Kingdom and China-centered Nomadic (conquerors and conquered) had always assimilated to Han Chinese culture Slide 40 Questions - overview Why did China not value merchants as much as Western Europeans? Why did China ultimately fall technologically behind Europe by 1750? Which direction historically does China focus its attention on? Why? Slide 41 A.k.a The Manchus- nomads from the north of China Manchus had the highest positions in government but kept the civil service exams (Neo-Confucianism) Maintained Chinas patriarchal society and footbinding Han Chinese men had to wear a queue braid Manchus could not perform manual labor Intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus forbidden Chinese could not enter the Manchu homeland Technological innovation slowed Writing Assignment: Compare and contrast Manchu (Qing Dynasty) rule to Mongol (Yuan Dynasty) 2 ways similar and 2 ways different Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Slide 42 Learn more about the queue! http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History5603.html A Chinese man with a traditional Chinese queue hair design getting a pedicure Slide 43 Japan 1450-1750 - overview Slide 44 The Tokugawa Shogunate (A.K.A. the Edo Period) Excerpts from the Closed Country Edict of 1635 Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation. All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the priests. 1640- Every member of a Portuguese delegation was executed upon arrival to Japan Slide 45 Some cultural achievements during the Tokugawa Era Haiku poetry (17 syllable poem) Kabuki theater (musical drama) Woodblock art Bunraku (plays using puppets- 3 puppeteer operation) http://www.ric.edu/faculty/gpamental/japan/bunraku.html Slide 46 Kabuki Theater Woodblock image of Kabuki Theater http://www.indiana.edu/~ealc100/JArt1.html Slide 47 The Japanese Feudal System Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion in this social pyramid? Code of Bushido! Slide 48 The Code of Bushido The Tale of the 47 Ronin demonstrates the Code of Bushido. There is a lesson that people need to live their lives honorably. The story is about a group of samurai who were left masterless in 1701 by the execution of their master, for assaulting a court official whom he felt had insulted him. After over a year of patient waiting and plotting, they succeeded in avenging him by killing the court official. Although they had committed murder, they had done so for that most noble of reasons (to the Japanese) - in obedience to their duty. As a result, they were allowed an honorable death (seppuku). The story was turned into a series of Kabuki plays Q: What central lesson do you think the Tale of 47 Ronin is trying to convey? http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc//prints/47ronin.html Slide 49 Women during the Tokugawa Period Wives had to obey their husbands or face a death penalty Women received less education than men Women were encouraged to pursue artistic and cultural activities Sometimes girls were sold into prostitution by their families (they were less valued than boys) Some gained status as geishas who were especially talented musicians, artists, and conversationalists http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2102.html Slide 50 Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism. Except for books on Christianity, a ban on western books was removed in 1720. In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch literature on astronomy were ordered by the shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa. There were translations of western books on physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, navigation and military tactics. The Western Influence on Japan Slide 51 Monarchies in France and England France Estates General Divine Right Strong military, wars for expansion High taxes Organized bureaucracy England Parliamentary monarchy Glorious Revolution 1689 limited power of monarch High taxes Organized bureaucracy Slide 52 Louis XIV (r. 1661-1715) The Sun King Built Versailles Revocation of Nantes 1683 Mercantilism (under finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert) Q: Why was Louis XIV known as the Sun King? Slide 53 The Royal Palace Versailles, France Slide 54 Its not as glamorous as it seems Versailles reservations Yes, I have a room available. Well, we have 226 rooms Altogether. Of course, we do Have 1000 nobles and their 4000 servants occupying them Not all rooms have windows, Sir. We do have some rooms with Windows, but the smell of the Outdoor latrines seep through them Slide 55 Decisions, Decisions Sir, if you prefer we Do have the Closet-like rooms Without windows Would you like to Come in the winter so You can freeze? Or do You prefer to stay here In the summer so you Can broil? Perspectives on the Past Slide 56 Now for the Comparative Essay 2007 AP World Exam http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/me mbers/exam/exam_information/216943.ht ml