Transcript
Slide 1
Outlook on Concentrating Solar Power
Manuel RomeroDirectorRenewable Energy DivisionCIEMATAvda. Complutense 22 28040 Madrid
Internacional Symposium:Energy and SustainabilityMadrid, June 16-17, 2008
Slide 2
Outlook Outlook onon CSPCSP
What does CSP mean?.What do they say about CSP?:
ThermodynamicsEconomyContexto europeo, regional y mundialEmployment
Projects under developmentRole of R&D
Solar towersParabolic troughs
Conclusions
Structure:
Slide 3
OPTICAL CONCENTRATOROPTICAL CONCENTRATOR
RECEIVERRECEIVER
FOSSIL BACKUPFOSSIL BACKUP
HEAT HEAT STORAGESTORAGE
COLD POINTCOLD POINT
HOT HOT POINTPOINT
WW
OPTICAL CONCENTRATOROPTICAL CONCENTRATOROPTICAL CONCENTRATOROPTICAL CONCENTRATOR
RECEIVERRECEIVERRECEIVERRECEIVER
FOSSIL BACKUPFOSSIL BACKUPFOSSIL BACKUPFOSSIL BACKUP
HEAT HEAT STORAGESTORAGE
HEAT HEAT STORAGESTORAGE
COLD POINTCOLD POINTCOLD POINTCOLD POINT
HOT HOT POINTPOINTHOT HOT
POINTPOINT
WWWW
Solar Solar ThermalThermal PowerPower PlantsPlants: : AmbitionAmbition ofof bulkbulk powerpower productionproduction
Unique integrability into conventional thermal plantsWith thermal storage or fossil fuel backup solar thermal plants can provide firm capacity without the need of separate backup power plants and without stochastic perturbations of the grid.Solar thermal can supply peak power in summerly heat periods when hydro and wind are scarce.Application to the MW scale.
Solar time
Fromstorage Solar direct
supply
To storage
From storage
Fixed power
Ther
mal
ener
gyto
turb
ine
Solar time
Fossilbackup Solar direct
supply
Fossil backup
Fixed power
Ther
mal
ener
gyto
turb
ine
Slide 4
Solar Receiver
Heliostats
Absorber Tube
Pipe with thermal fluid
Curved mirror
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Central Receiver
Parabolic Trough
Dish/Engine
Linear Fresnel
Absorber tube andreconcentrator
Curvedmirror
Solar Receiver
Heliostats
Solar Receiver
Heliostats
Absorber Tube
Pipe with thermal fluid
Curved mirror
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Central Receiver
Parabolic Trough
Dish/Engine
Linear Fresnel
Absorber tube andreconcentrator
Curvedmirror
Solar thermal power plants
Slide 6
Are Are CSPsCSPs Competitive ?Competitive ?
Who
lesa
leP
ower
Ret
ail
Pow
er
10 20 30 40 50Power Generation Costs in USD Cents/ kWh
Small Hydro
Solar Photovoltaics
Concentrating Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
Wind
Slide 7
• Up to 15 GW until 2020 at 5- 8 cents/kWh
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Sola
r Gen
erat
ion
Cos
t in
Euro
Cen
ts/k
Wh
15
25
50
8
100
SpanishPremiums2000 kWh/m²
SEGS III-VII
R&DDemo
Grants
IEA SSPS, CESA-I
SOLAR ONE
SOLAR TWO
CaliforniaPremiums
2700kWh/m²a
SEGS-ISEGS- II
SEGS VIII-IX
GreenPricing
R&D andDEMOPhase
CaliforniaSubsidized
Markets
EuropeanSubsidized
Markets
GreenPower
Markets
AndaSol 1
AndaSol N
Solar TresPS10 Next Generation
Technology
New Market Entry
Market Introduction of Solar Thermal Power Still in the learning curve
Europe: New market entry
Slide 9
Slide 10
Trans- Mediterranean Renewable Energy CooperationTrans- Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation
HVDC networks
Ain Beni Mathar
Hassi R’mel
Slide 12
CSP worlwide initiatives
SourceSource: : AbengoaAbengoa SolarSolar
Slide 13
CSP worlwide initiatives
Slide 14
Slide 15
50 MW
500 MW
500 MW
50 MW
50 MW
150 MW
500 MW
350 MW
At the end of 2007 more than 50 CSP projects with about 2150 MW have been registered by the Ministry of Industry
Slide 16
TwoTwo decadesdecades ofof continuouscontinuous R&DR&D
EUROTROUGH, DISS, INDITEP, EURODISH, SOLAIR, EUROTROUGH, DISS, INDITEP, EURODISH, SOLAIR, SOLGATE, SOLHYCO, DISTORSOLGATE, SOLHYCO, DISTOR
Slide 17
40
80
50
60
100
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Year
70
Prod
uctio
n co
st
90
ScalingScaling upup15%15%
R+DR+D60%60%
MarketMarket seriesseries25%25%
Impact of innovation on cost reduction
Slide 18
Solar towers today: Early commercial plants
11.0MWe
Heliostat Field
Solar receiver
Steam Storage System
40 bar, 250ºC»Steam
Drum
Turbine
Heliostat Field
Steam Storage System
Steam
Condenser0,06 bar, 50ºC
SteamDrum
Turbine
≈
Em p lacem en t
Nom inal Pow er Tow er Heigh t
Receiver Tech no logy Receiver Geom et ry
Heliostat s Therm al Sto rage Techno logy
Therm al Sto rage Cap acit y Steam Cycle
Elect ric Gen erat ion Land
A nnual Elect ricit y Product ion
Gen e r a l D escr ip t io n San lúcar M . (Sevilla), Lat 37 .4º, Lon 6 .23 º 11 .02M W e 100mSatu rated Steam Cavit y180 º, 4 Pannels 5m x 12 m 624 @ 121m 2 W ater/Steam 15M W h, 50m in @ 50% Rate 40bar 250 ºC, 2 Pressu res 6 .3kV, 50Hz -> 66kV, 50Hz 60Has 23 .0GW h
ABENGOA SOLAR
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PS10: Heliostats aimingABENGOA SOLAR
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PS10: Concentrated beamABENGOA SOLAR
Slide 21
PS20 and PS10 in Seville (Spain) ABENGOA SOLAR
Slide 22
Solar Towers Today: Early commercial plants
This project is partially supported by the European Commission (Contract No. NNE5/2001/369), through an European Consortium formed by SENER, CIEMAT, ALSTOM-SIEMENS, SAINT GOBAIN and GHERSA.
Slide 25
Heliostats: Can innovations lower costs?
Ganged heliostats (>400 m2) Megahelio with carousel (>200 m2)Structurally integrated reflectors (GFRP, hollow extruded polymers)Wireless/PV autonomous heliostat
DLR Abengoa
30% cost reduction through:
PSA-CIEMAT
Slide 26
Solar receiver: Reliable black-body is the key
Operational range for different solar receivers (Source: A. Kribus)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Pressure (bar)
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Volu-metric
Futuredevelopments
Tubular cavity
Tubular external
Trough linear
Water-steam need to develop super-heating at high solar flux.Volumetric should improve volumetric effect without penalizing fluid-dynamics and flux profile flexibility.Molten salt should demonstrate long-term availability and increase peak fluxParticle receivers and falling films still to pass feasibility phase.All should accumulate operational experience and long-term endurance tests.
Slide 27
Receivers: More compact, durable and efficient (Efficiency > 85%)
SENER-CIEMAT
0 1000 2000 3000
Cur
rent
Nex
tge
nera
tion
Peak flux on aperture (kW/m2)
VolumetricMolten saltWater-steam
Slide 28
Heat storage: Essential to Heat storage: Essential to become become dispatchabledispatchable
• 2-tank molten salt storage for central receiver plants.
• Thermocline pebble bed.• Sand or mobile solid
material for air and particle receivers
• PCM/ fins storage for saturated water/steam
Slide 29
Optimizing solar integration
Hybrid Solar/fossil
Biomass
Modularity
New cycles
Hydrogen
air in
550°C
900°C
heat exchangerfor cogeneration
recuperator
combustor
receiver
solar energy
300°C
air in
550°C
900°C
heat exchangerfor cogeneration
recuperator
combustor
receiver
solar energy
300°C
Project: SOLHYCO
Slide 30
Diagram of an HTF (Heat Transfer Fluid) Solar Power Plant
295 ºC Oil
395 ºC Oil
Steamgenerator
. Deaerator
ReheaterOil expansion vessel
Steam turbine
CondenserG
Sol
ar F
ield
Steamgenerator
. Deaerator
ReheaterOil expansion vessel
Steam turbine
Condenser
Preheater
Superheated Steam (104bar/380ºC)
ReheatedReheated Steam 17bar/371ºC
G
Sol
ar F
ield
Molten salts(hot tank)
Molten salts(cold tank)
Molten salts(hot tank)
Molten salts(cold tank)
Today's European Trough TechnologyToday's European Trough Technology
Slide 31
•Municipality of Aldeire (Granada).•Under construction.•Start Date: 3Q 2008.•Infrastructures of evacuation: October 2007.•Line and SE 66 kV: October 2007.•Satellite Plant of Gas: October 2007.
AndasolAndasol 1: 1: UnderUnder constructionconstruction
Slide 32
AndasolAndasol 1: 1: PowerPower blockblock
Two storage tanks (ø= 36 m, h=14 m)• Storage capacity (h): 7,5h @ 50 MW• Molten salts: 28,000 Metric Tons/• Melting temperature: 221º C• Working range: 291º C - 384º C
Slide 33
Current R+D activities related to Trough Technology
TomorrowTomorrow´́s Trough Technologys Trough Technology
New receiver tube designs
New support structure designs
New solar reflectors
New working fluids for the solar field
New thermal storage systems
Slide 34
Current R+D activities related to Trough Current R+D activities related to Trough TechnologyTechnology
Current absorbers glass-to-metal weld
Steel pipe with selective coatingGlass cover
'Getter' to keep and maintainExpansion bellows
Glass pin to evacuate the airVacuum between the glass coverand the steel pipe
Glass-to-Metal weld
the vacuum
Solel design Schott design
Slide 35
Current R+D activities related to Trough Current R+D activities related to Trough TechnologyTechnology
New receiver tube designs
New selective coatings and anti-reflecting filmsNew selective coatings with lower emissivity
(ε<0,1 at 400ºC) and better thermal durability havealready been
developed in laboratories. An industrial process for mass production is still pending
The mid-term outcome of current R+D activities related to new receiver tubes will probably bebetter performance at a slightly lower cost and availability of cheaper products for T< 300ºC
New evacuated receiver tube designs with glass-to-metal weldsThe new receiver tube designs will be very similar to the Schott and SOLEL designs. The mainbenefit from these new designs will be a larger offer that will ensure reasonable prices
Partially-evacuated receiver pipes without glass-to-metal weldingGlass-to-metal welding will be replaced by a mechanical seal. The main benefit of these receiver tubes is their superior durability and reliability at a price similar to evacuated receivers
Low-cost non-evacuated receiver pipesGlass-to-metal welds will be replaced by a simple seal and the selective coating will be replaced by black thermal paint. Though thermal losses will be higher than in evacuated tubes, the pricewill be much lower and they could be cost-effective for temperatures up to 300ºC
Slide 36
Current R+D activities related to Trough Current R+D activities related to Trough TechnologyTechnology
New working fluids for parabolic-trough collectorsMajor disadvantages of current HTF technology are:
limited maximum steam temperature (∼380ºC)pollution and fire hazards
Three new working fluids are being investigated to replace thermal oil and thus overcome its limitations:
molten saltsdirect steam generationgas
Slide 37
Current R+D activities related to Trough Current R+D activities related to Trough TechnologyTechnology
New thermal storage systemsThere are three R&D lines at present, related to:
Two-tank molten-salt storage systems seem to be the best short-to-medium-termoption for HTF plants if reliability is confirmed by first operating results. PCM and concrete thermal storage systems seem feasible for DSG plants in the medium to long term.
Sensible heat with molten salt (< 580ºC)Though huge two-tank molten-salt storage systems (1GWht) are being implemented in large parabolic-trough solar power plants, this technology has not yet been validated for this size. R&D is still requiredto investigate the long-term performance and reliability of big systems.
Latent heat with molten salt (phase change) (< 320ºC)DSG solar plants require thermal storage systems using phase-change materials (PCM). Severaloptions for PCM storage systems are under study at present (DISTOR project) and a 200kWht prototype is also being evaluated at the PSA.
Sensible heat storage with concreteThe goal of these R&D activities is to achieve a specific cost of 20 €/kWh of capacity. A 2x350 kWh prototype has been tested at the PSA with encouraging results.
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Current R+D activities related to Trough Current R+D activities related to Trough TechnologyTechnology
New thermal storage systems
200 kWht
prototype of PCM storagesystem designed and manufactured in the DISTOR project
2x350 kWh prototype of concrete storage system installed and tested at the PSA
Slide 39
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
CSP introduces solar energy to high-value marketson high temperature processes, providing highcapacity and dispatchability.Solar thermal power plants offer a wide portfolio ofintegration options with heat storage or hybridoperation for massive production of electricity. First commercial projects already going on in Spainand elsewhere.STPP may integrate North-South Mediterraneanelectrical networks
CSP:
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ConclusionsConclusions
Solar towers are nowadays on the verge of commercialization.
Early commercial plants (PS10, PS20, Almadén 20 and Solar Tres) will focus further R&D and will provide updated information on costs, efficiencies and O&M. These plants should be used to establish on- site diagnostic methodologies for concentrators and receivers.
Heliostats are today mature in terms of performance but still require substantial cost reduction.
Receivers need priority work on scaling-up, long-term endurance tests and more compact designs.
Better integration into hybrid schemes, biomass and/or higher efficiency cycles is required.
Solar towers:
Slide 41
ConclusionsConclusions
More economical collector designs will be available in short-term with easy-to-implement quality control procedures
Receiver pipes designed to meet different requirements will be available in mid term (e.g., non-evacuated low-cost receivers for T<300ºC, semi-evacuated receivers for T< 400ºC)
The use of two-tank molten-salt storage systems in mid-to-long-term still strongly depends on first plant O&M results. PCM and concrete-based thermal storage systems will be available in mid-term (>6 years)
The oil of HTF technology will be replaced by other working fluids. The best option can not be found without testing it in a pre-commercial solar plant under real O&M conditions.
Parabolic troughs:
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