Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility
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Professor R. John Hansman Director, MIT International Center for Air Transportation
rjhans@mit.edu
Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility
MITICAT
• On Demand Air Mobility motivated by growing surface congestion, success of TNCs and perceived technology transfer from electric vehicles, UAVs and automation
Urban Air Mobility
MITICAT
• UAM Markets – Intra-Urban – Inter-Urban
Urban Air Mobility
Intra-Urban
Inter-Urban
MITICAT UAM Vehicles
vs.
MITICAT UAM Vehicles
vs.
MITICAT
Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility)
UAM Aircraft Development
1.TheVerticalFlightSociety,TheElectricVTOLNewsWorldeVTOLDirectory.October2019
AirbusA^3Vahana OpenerBlackfly
PipistrelRolls-Royce
Karem Bell
EmbraerJauntAirMobility
OtherAdvancedDevelopmentsVerticalAerospaceSeraph
BetaTechnologiesAvaXC
AstroAerospaceElroyeHang216
Volocopter2x
KittyHawkHeaviside
JobyAviationS4
KittyHawkCora
WorkhorseSurefly AirbusCityAirbus
BoeingPAV LiliumLiliumJetLIFT
HEXA
ExampleFlyingFull-ScalePrototypes
ManyAdditionalVehicleConcepts
MITICAT
Case Study Approach to Identify UAM Operational Constraints (LAX, BOS, DFW)
2.DefinedReferenceMissions
3.AppliedNotionalConOps*toEachMission1.IdentifiedPromisingMarkets
• Currenthelicoptercharterservices
• UScensusandcommutingdata
• Housingmarketdata
4.IdentifiedOperationalChallengesinMissionswww.trulia.com
USCensusBureauOnTheMap
Nelson&Rae
O – Malibu origin X – Century City destination
Figure 1. Malibu to Century City flight profile development.
O – Malibu origin X – Century City destination n water route n direct route n increased speed route
©2016GoogleDataLDEO-Columbia,NSF,NOAASIO,NOAA,U.S.Navy,NGA,GEBCOImageLandsat/Copernicus
*ConOpsassessedconventionaltechnologiesaswellaselectricpropulsionandpilotautomation
MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
MITICAT
Challenge to Site Infrastructure Near Demand Existing aviation infrastructure in Boston
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
MITICAT
Current ATC Procedures Will Not Scale Controller Workload Constraint
São Paulo “helicontrol” Area – limited to 6 simultaneous helicopter
operations15
– designated entry points and routes
SãoPaulo
CommuterMissionsAirTaxiMissionsControlMissions
Boston Logan Controlled Airspace – additional controller staffed for >3
operations
– designated helicopter routes
MITICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS
MITICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS
MITICAT
Special Use Airspace Red Sox Game Example
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
MITICAT
ATC Separation Standards For Terminal Area Operations
AircraftInvolved LateralSeparationReq. VerticalSeparationReq. Longitudinal
SeparationReq.
IFRtoIFRAllclasses
IFRtoVFRClass:B,C
IFRtoObstruction N/A
TowerorPilotVisualSeparationClass:B,C,D
“passwellclear”“seeandavoid”
“passwellclear”“seeandavoid” “seeandavoid”
3NM
1000ftupto8NM
RadarTargetResolution
500ft upto8NM
3NM
1000ft
MITICAT BOS Runway 4R IFR Separation Zone
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
MITICAT
Controlled Airspace Cutout Example New York SFRA Example
NewYorkAirspaceCutout
MITICAT
Impact of ATC Scenarios on Magnitude of Constraint San Francisco MSA
StaticVFRCutout&SUAAccess
FullySegregated
AccessiblePopulation:48%AccessibleCommuterResidences:57%AccessibleCommuterWorkplaces:24%
AccessiblePopulation:86%AccessibleCommuterResidences:90%AccessibleCommuterWorkplaces:86%
MITICAT
ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major Metropolitan Statistical Areas
PhDThesisofParkerVascik
MITICAT
ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major Metropolitan Statistical Areas
PhDThesisofParkerVascik
PopulationCoverage
WorkplaceCoverage
MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
MITICAT
Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility)
UAM Aircraft Development
1.TheVerticalFlightSociety,TheElectricVTOLNewsWorldeVTOLDirectory.October2019
AirbusA^3Vahana OpenerBlackfly
PipistrelRolls-Royce
Karem Bell
EmbraerJauntAirMobility
OtherAdvancedDevelopmentsVerticalAerospaceSeraph
BetaTechnologiesAvaXC
AstroAerospaceElroyeHang216
Volocopter2x
KittyHawkHeaviside
JobyAviationS4
KittyHawkCora
WorkhorseSurefly AirbusCityAirbus
BoeingPAV LiliumLiliumJetLIFT
HEXA
ExampleFlyingFull-ScalePrototypes
ManyAdditionalVehicleConcepts
MITICAT Broad Range of Vehicle Architectures
Rotorcraft
Rotor Lift Actuating Hybrid
Lift Static Hybrid
Lift Wing Lift
Few Propulsors (1-3)
Many Propulsors (4+)
Helicopter Tilt-lift
DEP Tilt-lift Multirotor Stopped Rotor DEP Fixed Wing
Fixed Wing Static Hybrid
√
Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Fixed Wing
MultirotorandDEPPoweredLiftmostwidelyproposedforUAMapplications
aurora.aero
pipistrel.si
jobyaviation.comvolocopter.com nasa.gov
cartercopters.comelytronaircraft.comgoogle.com
MITICAT
Certification Challenges for Electric UAM Configurations
Hazard Description Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Rotorcraft Fixed Wing
Common Mode Power Failure
(Low-/High-Altitude) High/High High/Medium Medium/Medium
Medium/ Medium
Battery Thermal Runaway High High High High
Battery Energy Uncertainty High High Medium Medium
Fly-By-Wire System Failure High High* Low** Low
Bird Strike Medium Medium Medium Medium
High-Level Autonomy Failure High High High High
Risk Severity= Probability x Consequence High, Medium, Low
The severity of some challenges changes with configurations
MITICAT Hybrid Electric SSTOL Alternative
Uber2019ElevateConf.
30% scale flight demonstrator of a 4 passenger, 2700 lb blown wing aircraft with <100 ft takeoff/landing distance
DistributedElectricPropulsionBlownWingforHighCL
HybridElectricBatteriesSizedforTO&LSurgeEngineSizedforCruise
UnblownStallSpeed<60kts
TakeoffLandingDistance<100ft
MITICAT MIT Beaverworks Prototype
Vehicledesignedandbuiltby16.82classinSY2018-2019
MITICAT Subscale SSTOL Protoype
Flightdemonstratorshowsthathighlift(CL>10)isachievableinreal-worldflightenvironmentbutthattherearecontrolchallengestobeaddressed.
MITICAT UAM V1
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