OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

CHEMICAL HAZARD

PHYSICAL HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

ERGONOMIC HAZARD

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OBJECTIVES:

Discuss and explain common hazards in the workplace and their effects to workers’ health.

Recommend appropriate measures to prevent occupational and work-related illnesses.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( ILO/WHO ) Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical,

mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations

Prevent workers from departures due to health caused by their working conditions

Protect workers in their working environment from hazards and risks usually causing adverse health effects

Place & maintain a worker in an occupational environment adapted to his/her physiological ability

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

HAZARD AND RISK

HAZARD

- any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work.

RISK

- the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Routes of entry into the body

Inhalation

Ingestion

Skin Contact

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical HazardsRoutes of excretion

Gastro-intestinal (feces)

Renal (urine) Respiratory (exhalation)

Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Measures of concentration of toxic substances

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)- average concentration of an airborne substance to which most workers could be safely exposed over an eight-hour working day or forty-hour working week throughout a working lifetime

Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)- peak or maximum concentration of an airborne to which most workers could be safely exposed.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical HazardsClassification of Toxic Effects

Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact

Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many organ systems

Acute toxicity-Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure

Chronic toxicity-Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Health Effects Renal Diseases Respiratory Diseases Skin Diseases Hematologic Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Neurologic Diseases Carcinogenic Teratogenic

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process

Renal Diseases: acute/chronic renal failure

Mercury, cadmium, chloroform

Battery, chemical industries, pesticide

Respiratory Diseases: Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries

Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction, sandblasting, coal

Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Blood Diseases: Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead

smelting

Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.

Skin Diseases: Allergic/contact dermatitis

Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish

Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool operators

Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards

Liver Disease: Acute liver toxicity Carbon

tetrachlorideCleaning fluids, dry cleaners

Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl chloride mfg.

Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &

recycling

Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry cleaning

Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, trichloroethylene

Refrigeration, solvent workers

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Physical Hazards Noise

Vibration

Extreme Temperature

Illumination

Radiation

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Ear Anatomy

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue) temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to

loud noise recovery within 16-48 hrs

Permanent Threshold Shift irreversible loss of hearing

NOISE

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Early Signs of Hearing Loss• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a

noisy environment• Need to be near or look at the person

speaking to help understand words• Familiar sounds are muffled• Complaints that people do not speak clearly• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

NOISE

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Other Harmful Effects of Noise

• Hypertension• Hyperacidity• Palpitations • Disturbs relaxation and sleep

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources

TypesSegmental vibrationWhole body vibration

VIBRATION

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

• Health Effects:—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers—pain

Segmental Vibration:

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health effects:Fatigue IrritabilityHeadacheDisorders of the spine

Whole Body Vibration:

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

EXTREME TEMPERATURE

Sources of heat stress:

Natural ConditionsHot work processes related to furnaces, kilns,

boilers and smelting

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health Effects of Heat Stress

Disorders Clinical features

Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash

Heat cramps Cramps in the body, usually legs

Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack, blurring of vision, cold, clammy and sweaty skin

Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle twitchings, disorientation, delirium, convulsions

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

EXTREME TEMPERATURE

Sources of Cold Environment:

Ice plants and freezers in the food industry

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized burning pain and numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most susceptible.

trench foot or immersion foot: numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration and gangrene.

Health Effects of Cold Temperature

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health Effects Visual FatigueDouble VisionHeadachesPainful irritation LacrimationConjunctivitis

Inadequate Illumination

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

RADIATION

Types Sources Health Effects

Ionizing X-rays

Gamma rays

Cancer, congenital defects, death

Non-ionizing Ultraviolet

Infrared

Laser

skin redness, premature skin ageing, and skin cancer

corneal and conjunctival burns, retinal injury, cataract

Skin and eye problem

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

VIRUSES FUNGI

BACTERIA PARASITES

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox

May be contacted anywhere

Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed to heat and organic dusts, and medical personnel

Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers of carcasses, skins, or hair of infected animals, including wool carpet processors and handlers.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Ringworm (in horses, cattle, deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)

Pet shop salesmen, stockmen, breeders of cats and dogs, and other animal handlers

Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or anyone in contact with manure.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, pigs, cats)

Veterinarians, letter carriers, laboratory research workers, agricultural workers.

Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers, animal handlers

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS

Human Biological Science

+

Engineering Science

____________________________________

“ fitting the job to the worker”

MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY

MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

thetool

theworkstation

the task(job content &

context)

theorganization

theenvironment

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Goalto reduce work-related musculoskeletal

disorders (MSDs) developed by workers

MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints or spinal discs.

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Painful joints Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,

forearms, shoulders, knees and feet Shooting or stubbing pains Swelling or inflammation

Common Symptoms of MSDs

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Fingers or toes turning white Back or neck pain Stiffness

Common Symptoms of MSDs

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Static posture

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Forceful exertion

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Repetitive movement

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Extreme range of motion

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Awkward posture

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

STRESS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

STRESS

The harmful physical and emotional responses that occurs when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

STRESS: Effects

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Manifestations of Stress

PHYSIOLOGICAL Heart rate Blood pressure Indigestion

BEHAVIORAL Drug use Alcohol intake Heavy smoking Impulsive emotional

behavior

Poor work & family

relationship Social isolation Family abandonment Sleep problems

PSYCHOLOGICAL Fatigue Anxiety Tension Irritability Depression Boredom Inability to

concentrate Low esteem

STRESS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Key Elements of the Occupational Health Program

Health Protection

Health Promotion

Health Rehabilitation

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health and Safety Programs

Hazards/ Disease

Source Health Effect Health Program

Chemical

Solvents Paints, Thinners

Irritant, Multisystem effects

Surveillance for chemical exposure

Exposure monitoring (Biologic Monitoring)

Physical

Noise Woodwork

Operations

Hearing Impairment

Hearing Conservation Program

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health and Safety Programs

Hazards/ Disease

Source Health Effect Health Program

Biologic

Tetanus Dirty Nails, soil Lockjaw, rigidity, death

Immunization

Ergonomic Stresses

Cumulative Trauma Disorder

Awkward postures, Heavy loads

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Management or personnel methods;

Workplace modification

Worker education and training;Back Care Program

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Health Promotion Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction

Immunization OSHS, RULE 1960

Smoking cessation RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

HIV/AIDS RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of

1998 National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated

by DOLE - 1997

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC