Nutrition of the Contemporary Dairy Cow: Research into Practice
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Nutrition of the Contemporary Dairy
Cow: Research into Practice
Liam A. Sinclair
Harper Adams University,
Edgmond, Shropshire, UK
Outline
• Factors influencing feed prices
• Concentrate feeding
• Protein nutrition
• Alternative forages & supplementation at grass
• Winter mineral feeding
World milk production trends
• World wide = 122 million dairy farmers
• Keep 363 million dairy cows and buffalo
• Average size of <3 cows/herd
• Yield 2100 kg/cow
• US = 115 cows and 9678 kgUK = 125 cows and 7445 kgNZ = 393 cows and 3716 kg
Where will world dairying be in 10 years?
Performance indicator 2023 Change vs 2012
Milk production 1,006 mill tonnes ECM +225 million tonnes+29%
Where will world dairying be in 10 years?
Performance indicator 2023 Change vs 2012
Milk production 1,006 mill tonnes ECM +225 million tonnes+29%
Per capita consumption 111 126 kg/capita/yr +13%
World population 8bn +14%
Where will world dairying be in 10 years?
Performance indicator 2023 Change vs 2012
Milk production 1,006 mill tonnes ECM +225 million tonnes+29%
Per capita consumption 111 126 kg/capita/yr +13%
World population 8bn +14%
Milking cattle 359 406 million +47 million+13%
Milk yield 2100 2400 kg ECM +300 kg ECM+14%
IFCN (2013)
• Increased milk production achieved by:
- using less human usable feeds
- using less land and water
- using less energy/fossil fuels
- less impact on the environment
- higher welfare standards
- less drugs/pesticides/herbicides
- higher quality: microbiology
safety
nutrition
The problem facing milk producers
Extra 80 million people next year
Supplementation
• In Western countries, 2 main systems of production:
a) High output
b) Grazing based
• Increase yield in many countries based on use of purchased concentrates
• Issues regarding feeding level and rate of degradability of starch
• Competition for human food and fuel
• Greater reliance on by-product feeds, and improving the nutritional value of feeds
• Price of by-products often shadow that of cereals
• By product feeds:
higher in fibre
lignified
anti-nutritional factors
Protein, kg/kg
product
Edible protein
kg/kg product
Poultry meat 3.0 2.1
Milk 5.6 0.7
Beef 15.5 1.6
g/kg DM of concentrate feeds
in the UK
Cereal grain 200
Cereal by-products 150
Soya bean meal 70
Rapeseed meal 350
Other by-products 220
Minerals/vitamins 10
Human edible portion 0.36
Wilkinson (2011)
Wilkinson (2011)
By-product/high fibre feeds
• Increased demand for cereals for food and
biofuel
• Approx., 120 mt (40%) maize used for
bioethanol in USA in 2013
• Main by-product (distillers grains) are of high
but variable quality
• e.g. protein of 312 g/kg DM, oil of 120 g/kg
DM, ME of 11.5-13.5 MJ/kg DM
• Milk quality issues only at high inclusion rates
• Accurate feed evaluation important
Paz et al. (2013)
15
20
25
30
35
0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Inta
ke
or
yie
ld (
kg
/d)
Inclusion rate (%DM)
Schingoethe et al. (2009)
Yield
Intake
Protein nutrition
• Considerable fluctuations in cost of soybean meal
• Only around 20-35% of dietary N is captured in milk
• Efficiency of N capture declines with dietary protein level
100
200
300
400
500
Co
st
£/t
3 fold increase
N utilisation
Soya bean meal
monthly index
Milk yield responses to level of
dietary protein
Problem: As dietary protein is reduced, so is milk yield
Dietary protein and stage of lactation
Reducing CP to around 160 g/kg DM – no major hit on yield (Sinclair et al., 2014)
Dietary CP < 160 g/kg DM can reduce yields
Early lactation most sensitive period
Reducing CP to 140 g/kg DM from mid lactation
Will reduce costs
Will increase efficiency of N use
144/144
114/114
114/144
144/173
Law et al. (2009)
173/173
173/144144/144
Protein quality
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 10 20 30 40 50
MP
re
qu
ire
me
nt,
g/d Total MP
Milk yield, kg/d
Microbial
By-pass
Protein degradability in forages and feeds
% crude
protein
% rumen
available
%
By-pass
Grass silage 14 80 20
Lucerne 20 83 17
Soya bean meal 54 67 33
• Lower producing animals: rumen microbes
can supply all of the protein requirements
• Higher producing animals have a greater
requirement for by-pass protein
• Fermented forages low in by-pass protein
• Requirement for higher protein forages
that are higher in by-pass protein
- plant breeding
- additives (e.g. tannins)
Alternative forages
Control L20 L40 L60
DM intake, kg/d 24.5b 24.9b 24.5b 23.4a
Milk yield, kg/d 42.2 40.7 40.2 40.5
Milk fat, g/kg 41.1 40.6 40.4 41.8
Live weight change, kg/d 0.21 0.23 0.13 0.05
Lucerne: • Grown on 30 million ha worldwide in 2009• Legume • High in protein• Drought tolerant• Functional fibre
Replacement of grass/maize silage with lucerne• Grass: Maize silage (40:60)• Grass: Lucerne: Maize (20:20:60)• Lucerne: Maize (40:60)• Lucerne: Maize (60:40)
Savings in feed costs
kg/d Control L60
Soyabean meal 2.3 1.7
Urea 0.12 0.0
Wheat 3.3 3.5
Sugar beet pulp 1.8 1.9
- 0.6 kg/d
- 0.12 kg/d
+ 0.2 kg/d
+ 0.1 kg/d
• Current purchased feed costs = max saving of 23 p/day (or £23/d for 100 cows)
• For L20 saving = 0.5 p/day
Grazing high yielding cows
• Farmer and public interest in continuous housing of dairy cows
• Previous studies at HAU have investigated cow preference to be at pasture or housed
• Other strategies?
Influence of grazing during the day without (DG) or with (DGT)
access to TMR in the field compared to housing (C)
C DGT DG Sign
Grass intake, kg DM/d --- 1.1 0.8 ns
Milk yield, kg/d 38.6 38.0 35.3 <0.01
Milk fat, g/kg 37.0 37.9 35.4 ns
Weight change, kg/d 1.1 0.45 -0.11 <0.01
Grazing high yielding cows
• Farmer and public interest in continuous housing of dairy cows
• Previous studies at HAU have investigated cow preference to be at pasture or housed
• Other strategies?
Influence of grazing during the day without (DG) or with (DGT)
access to TMR in the field compared to housing (C)
C DGT DG Sign
Grass intake, kg DM/d --- 1.1 0.8 ns
Milk yield, kg/d 38.6 38.0 35.3 <0.01
Milk fat, g/kg 37.0 37.9 35.4 ns
Weight change, kg/d 1.1 0.45 -0.11 <0.01
Methane, g/kg milk 14.6 12.8 12.7 <0.05
Typical mineral feeding levels in UK
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
% o
f N
RC
(2
00
1)
req
uir
emen
ts
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
% o
f N
RC
(2
00
1)
req
uir
emen
ts
All herds
Organic herds
Phosphorus
• Much debate regarding P supply
• Traditionally fed at high levels particularly to benefit
intake, milk production and reproduction
• Issues relating to cost and environmental impact
• Recent studies long term (4 yr) studies do not
justify high levels of P
4.4 g/kg DM 3.6 g/kg DM s.e.m.
Yield, kg (year 4) 9002 8976 394.0
Fat, g/kg 39.9 40.7 1.26
Protein, g/kg 32.7 33.2 0.56
Depth of rib, mm 12.0 11.4 0.36
Faecal P output, g/d 75.0 41.2 1.31
CI, d (av. 4 lactn) 383 392 ns
Ferris et al. (2010a,b)
Conclusions
• Continuing worldwide increase in demand for dairy products
• Continuing increase in cow numbers and milk yield
• Traditionally increase in yield through supplementation
• Reduction in traditional feeds/introduction of new feeds and forages
• Improvements in rumen function and monitoring
• Plant breeding for nutritive value (e.g. high EPA/DHA Camelina)
• Increased reliance of nutrition on: cow health & welfare
fertility
environment
milk quality
• More accurate nutrient requirements and supply
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