nucleus

nucleus

mitochondrion

In Matrix:Mitochondrial DNA

(mtDNA)

Research focus:mtDNA

Graphics:Kline, KSU OhioJakubowski, CSB MinnesotaWang, UBC Canada

DNAsequence

Example of a point mutation

Summary

Humans evolved in Africa about 150,000 years ago.

An expansion within Africa led to an exodus out of Africa 60,000 years ago.

The group leaving Africa was very small: only two female lineages, M and N, have survived in non-Africans today.

Descendant founder populations settled Australia, Eurasia and America during windows of opportunity in sea levels and climatic conditions.

These Ice-Age movements 60,000-11,000 years ago have largely shaped the human gene pool visible today.

• Genetic world chronology:

www.mcdonald/cam.ac.uk/genetics

Handout

Practical mtDNA applications

• Forensics

• Genealogical research

stat. Schwerpunkt der 4 Treffer (C)

3 genaue HV1-Treffer (rot)

1 verwandter HV1-Treffer (gelb)

Ergebnis der weltweiten HV1-Suche:beste und zweitbeste Treffer alle in Sizilien

Frankfurt 1

Frequenz in Europa (Island bis Tuerkei): 9 Treffer in 2608 europaeischen HVS1&HVS2 Sequenzen

Frankfurt 2

Thames torso

Koran gold necklace