Transcript
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TOEFL TEKNIK
MEETING 3: noun and
adjective clause
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NOUNS
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NOUNS
• Grammar : Singular and pluralNouns
Nouns can be classifed into twogrous: count nouns! w"ic" can becounted and w"ic" ta#e and s! andnoncount nouns! w"ic" cannot be
counted and w"ic" usuall$ do notta#e an s%
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Singular Plural
&ount noun ' cellOne cell
&ells Two cells(o)e cells' lot o* cells
Man$ cellsNon &ount Noun In*or)ation
(o)ein*or)ation
' lot o*in*or)ationMuc"in*or)ation
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Count Nouns andNoncount Nouns
Count nouns
• Ta#e a/an or one in t"e singular%
•
+suall$ ta#e a fnal s/es in t"elural
Noncount nouns
• ,o not ta#e a/an in t"e singular
• ,o not generall$ "ave a lural *or)
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IRREGULAR COUNTNOUNS
Man-men foot-feet
Woman-women tooth-teeth
Child-children fish-fish
(o)e count nouns are irregular and donot ta#e an s in t"e lural% -ere are so)eco))on irregular count nouns:
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NONCOUNT NOUNS
• Noncount nouns cannot be countedbecause t"e$ co)e in a )ass or inan uncountable *or)%
• Nouns suc" as blood, music, andexcitement cannot be counted% T"e*ollowing is a s"ort list o* so)e
noncount nouns:
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E.'M/LE(:
Food: rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter, cheese
Fluids: blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline
Raw materials: wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool
Gases: o!gen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam
General: furniture, mail, mone!, traffic, e"uipment
Groups: #ewelr!, machiner!, luggage, clothing, cash
$anguages: %nglish, Chinese, &apanese, 'panish
(cademic sub#ects: chemistr!, mathematics, ps!cholog!
(bstract things: education) *ealth, intelligence, beaut!, knowledge, sleep,
hope, music, time
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uanti!ers
' 0uantifer is word t"at indicates an a)ount o* 0uantit$%
• Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% plural countnouns&
1ot" )an$ a *ew several *ewerThey are controlled by several nerves.
We have fewer cells as we get older.
•
Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% singularcount nouns&
'not"er eac" ever$
Each gland has a diferent purpose
Every muscle has its own group o nerves.
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uanti!ers
• Some "uanti!ers are used onl# $it% non'count nouns&
a little )uc" less a)ount
The amount o oxygen available to the brain is important.
I your brain gets less oxygen than in needs, you could
become unconscious.
• Some "uanti!ers are used $it% (ot% count nouns andnon'count nouns&
all lent$ o* an$
a lot o* enoug" )ost
lots o* so)e )ore
rain cells use up a lot of energy
Most animals rely on instinct
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E)ERCISE *
&orrect t"e errors in noun *or)s in t"e*ollowing sentences2% Intelligence is t"e abilit$ to use t"oug"t and
#nowledges to understand t"ings and solveroble)s%
% -or)ones "el adjust t"e )i4ture o* sugar! salt!and waters in $our bod$%
". #sychology ! )eaning t"e stud$ o* t"e )ind and"ow it wor#s! co)es *ro) a Gree# word)eaning li*es or soul%
5% 1rain cells use u a lot o* energ$! so t"e$ need
a constant sul$ o* o4$gens%
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CO+POUN, NOUNS
&o)ound nouns are two nouns t"atare used toget"er to )a#e one word oridea% T"e frst noun acts as an
adjective to t"e second noun andusuall$ does not ta#e s% T"e secondnoun can be lural and ta#e an s%
• rain cell• rain wave
• Computer scientists
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CO+POUN, NOUNS
&o)ound nouns )a$ also be used wit" nu)ber e4ressions%
The brain uses as much power as a ten-watt lightbulb. 6noun used as anadjective7
The brain uses as much power as a lightbulb o ten watts.6noun used as a
noun7
$e recited a 16,000-page boo% rom memory % 6noun used as an adjective7
$e recited a boo% o 16,000 pages rom memory %6noun used as a noun7
STRATEGY
+eware of compound nouns with numbers, where the compound noun
used as an ad#ective ma! be in the plural form
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NU+-ERS
Nu)bers suc" as hundred, thousand, millionand trillion are lural w"en t"ere are nonu)bers be*ore t"e)%
• The brain receives &'' million messages asecond.
• The brain stores trillions o messages.STRATEGYWhen !ou see nouns involving numbers, such as hundred,
thousand, or million, make sure that the! are not in the pluralform when the! follow numbers
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E)ERCISE .
• &orrect t"e errors in t"e *ollowing sentences%
2% /eole8s brains weig" )ore now t"an t"e$ did 299$ears ago%
% Nerves i)ulses can travel at seeds o* u to 5*eet er second%
3% T"ere are t"ree to *our )illions ain recetors int"e s#in%
5% ' t"ree;$ears;old c"ild8s brain is two;t"irds t"esi
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A,ECTI0E CLAUSE
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A,ECTI0E CLAUSE
• 'n adjective clause )odifes a noun%'djective clauses begin wit" arelative ronoun suc" as who, whom,
whose, which, that, or a relativeadverb suc" as when or where.
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CLAUSE
+AR1ER
USE E)A+PLE
>"o /eole
6subject7
T"e tribes w"o lived in t"e
Great /lains used s)o#esignals
>"o) /eole
6object
T"e wo)an w"o) we )et was
called Lig"tning &loud%>"ose /eole?t"ings
6ossessive7
-e sent a )essage w"ose
)eaning we "ad agreed uonin advance%>"ic" T"ings
6subject?objec
t7
T"at is a tribe w"ic" interests
)e%
6subject7
T"e dru)beats w"ic" we "eard
sent a )essage%
6object7% T"at /eole?t"ings
6subject?objec
t7
T"e 'ac"e is a tribe t"at I will
researc"% 6object7
T"e s)o#e t"at $ou see is *ro)
t"e "ills%6sub ect7
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STRATEGY
Check for the correct clause marker
and a sub#ect and verb in an ad#ectiveclause)
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Omission o2 t%e Relati3ePronoun
>"en t"e relative ronoun is t"e subject o* t"e adjectiveclause! it cannot be o)itted%
The man who played the drum was rom West (rica.6subject7
I* t"e relative ronoun is t"e object o* t"e adjectiveclause! it can be o)itted%
• The man whom I saw was a Native (merican. 6object7
The man I saw was a Native (merican.
• The drumbeat that I heard was a signal. ) object *
The drumbeat I heard was a signal.
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Omission o2 t%e Relati3ePronoun
T"e relative ronouns whose, where, and whereby cannot be o)itted%
• +euoyah, whose alphabet or the Indian people consisted o - characters, wasacclaimed a genius by his people. 6w"osecannot be o)itted7
• That was the area where the tribe lived. )wherecannot be o)itted.*
• +euoyah devised an alphabet whereby all thediferent tribes could read a common language. )whereby cannot be omitted.*
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STRATEGY
Remember that sometimes the relative pronoun
ma! be omitted from an ad#ective clause) he
relative pronouns which, that, who, and whom
can be omitted when the! are the ob#ect of the
ad#ective clause)
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Prepositions t%at Come (e2oreAd4ecti3e Clauses&
(o)eti)e an adjective clause is used wit" areosition%
• There are a number o ways by which a messagecan be sent.
In so#en Englis" t"e reosition usuall$ goes at t"eend o* t"e clause! but in *or)al written Englis" it goesat t"e beginning o* t"e clause%
• /ormal0 That was the man to whom I wasreerring.
• Inormal0 That was the man whom I was reerringto.
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