Transcript
Designing for Security Protection with Laminated Glass
Presented by:
This course is worth 1 hour of Health, Safety and Welfare Credit through
the American Institute of Architects
Saflex
About Solutia Inc.
World Headquarters World Headquarters located in St. Louis, MOlocated in St. Louis, MO
$3.8 Billion Chemical $3.8 Billion Chemical CompanyCompany
World’s largest producer World’s largest producer of polyvinyl butyral of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) used in (PVB) used in laminated glasslaminated glass
Solutia Architectural Brands
Course ObjectivesWhat you will learn…
• Glass Options for Security Protection
• Bomb Blast Basics
• Additional protective solutions with laminated glass
Providing Security Protection&
Glass Options
Safety vs. Security
Safety = refers to freedom from the risk OR occurrence of injury/loss from natural cause
Security = refers to freedom from the risk OR occurrence of injury/loss from the intentional actions of mankind
What is expected of security glazing?
Glazing:Must provide an element barrier, excellent optical quality and ease of maintenance
Must resist impact, forced entry, bomb blasts, accidental explosions, and ballistic attacks according to national consensus standards
Must allow for Building Envelope to be maintained
Security glazing is not mandated by the model building codes. The need for security protection and the level
of security desired to meet perceived needs are determined by
the occupants or owners
Why Design for Security Protection?
• Burglary, Forced Entry, Ballistic Attacks, and Bomb Blasts and are more and more common
• A burglary occurs every 11 sec in the US• Bomb Blast events are globally on the rise• Flying glass shards: 50+% of all injuries from terrorist
targeted public building bombings• Flying or Falling Glass #1 cause of non-fatal injuries
Types of Security Glazing
• Burglary/Forced Entry Resistant
• Barrier/Forced Exit Resistant
• Bullet Resistant
• Blast Resistant
Types of Security Glazing
• Standard Laminated Architectural Glass (LAG) – (1/4” with 0.060” thickness) provides a significant improvement in
resistance to attack from a variety of hand held weapons in:• Residential: Rock, Hammer, Pry bar, Brick, etc.• Commercial: Sledgehammer, Battering Ram, Chisel, Axe
• LAG cannot be cut from one side deeming glass cutters useless
• Impact resistance (penetration) is directly related to the % of interlayer in the laminate.
Burglary Resistance/Forced Entry
Benefits of Laminated GlassFORCED ENTRY
Barrier/Forced Exit Resistant• Standard construction multi-ply glass with 0.060”
interlayer – Provides layers of significant barrier to
penetration resistance: • Institutional (i.e.: human, furniture impact)• Detention Glazing (i.e.: pry tools, safety equipment)
– LAG provides time to for assessment and action.
– Impact resistance (penetration) is directly related to the % of interlayer in the laminate and number of layers of glass.
Types of Security Glazing
• Bullet-resistant glass is made by laminating multiple layers of glass and thin (0.015”) interlayer to form a single multi-ply unit
• The glass layers flatten the bullet upon impact to slow penetration through unit
• The interlayer holds the glass in place to provide resistance to additional incoming rounds
• The interlayer provides flexibility and absorbs energy through the unit
Ballistic Protection
Typical Thickness per Level
UL 752 Test Typical Weapon Typical Laminate Thickness
Level 1Medium Power – Small Arms
Super .38
Automatic / 9mm1 ¼”
Level 2High Power – Small Arms
.357 Magnum Revolver 1 ½”
Level 3Super Power – Small Arms
.44 Magnum Revolver 1 ¾”
Level 4 High Power – Rifle
.30-’06 Rifle 2”
Check this versus GANA guide
Types of Security Glazing
• Standard LAG (1/4” with 0.030” or 0.060” thick interlayer) – Provides significant air blast protection through
glass retention and debris resistance:
• Glass Retention: Interlayer tends to keep broken glass shards adhered in laminate unit
• Debris Resistance: laminate unit resists penetration from most debris from blast
Bomb Blast Resistance
LAG Configurations
Single LiteForced EntryBomb BlastHurricaneAcoustical
Safety
Laminated InsulatedSame as Single Plus:Energy ConservationEnhanced Acoustical
Double Laminated Available
Multi-ply LaminatedSame as Single Plus:
Enhanced Forced EntryEnhanced Forced Exit
Bullet ResistanceEnhanced Blast Resistance
Bomb Blast Review
Blast
• Bomb Blast Events are common• Glass part of terrorist's arsenal• Flying glass shards major contributor to
injuries• Blast wave damage upon penetrating the
building• Interlayers in Laminated Glass have
been tested for common and extreme blast levels
Bomb Blast BasicsChronology of a blast event
0.0
Time (milliseconds)
Ove
rpre
ssu
re (
psi
)
Positive Phase
Negative Phase
Awareness
Other Blast Considerations• Debris• Glass Retention• Secondary debris• Surrounding buildings…
sympathetic damage
Blast Test Methods and
Standards
Standards/Specifications
• Test Methods– ASTM F 1642 – GSA/ISC-TS01-2003– ISO 16933 (arena)
• Related Documents– UFC – Unified Facilities Criteria
– AAMA 510 - Voluntary Guide Specification for Blast Hazard Mitigation for Fenestration Systems
– ASTM F 2248 Specifying an Equivalent 3-second Duration Design Loading For Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
– ASTM C 1564 Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
Testing Methodology
• Shock Tube
• Arena Testing
Testing Methodology
• Shock Tube– Single Lite per test– Reproducible Shock– Typical for Initial R&D– Less Expensive than Arena
LAG Reaction During Blast
– Lite cracks as static strength is surpassed
– Laminate deforms inward
– Interlayer absorbs blast energy as it deflects
– Laminate deters accompanying debris
– Energy transferred to frame
– Laminate reacts with an elastic response
– Interior & Exterior protected due to Retention
Large Shock Tube
Photo Courtesy of Baker Risk – San Antonio, Tx
Testing Methodologies
• Arena Testing– Several lites tested simultaneously– True blast event with negative pressure– Expensive – Weather Restrictions may apply
SOD 100ft (30 m)
SOD 50ft (15 m)
Explosive in tube
Specimen Chambers
Blast Detonation
Product Testing
• Qualifications– Hazard Rating– Protection Levels
• Requirements– Government Requirements– Project Specific (Industry)
Post Blast Analysis
– Blast Information– Glass Crack / Shatter– Glass Retention/Opening– Location of Shards– Damage to Witness Panel
No BreakNo Hazard
Minimal Hazard
VLHVery Low Hazard Zone
LHLow Hazard Zone
HHHigh Hazard
Zone
Blast Protection/Hazard Rating
Blast
Window
Threshold
0.5 m
Threshold
2.0 m1.0 m
0.6 mISC/GSA
12
3a 3b
4
5
Classification and Performance
• GSA Levels– Level C Building 4 psi /28 psi*msec– Level D Building 10 psi/88 psi*msec– Based on 44” x 66” opening
• Other Government/Private Sector– UFC: 6 psi/ 42 psi*msec– DoS: 42 psi/260-300 psi*msec– ASTM: Levels not provided
PVB Laminate Response
– Lite cracks as static strength is surpassed– Laminate deforms inward – PVB absorbs blast energy as it deflects– Laminate deters accompanying debris– Some energy transferred to frame– Laminate “vacillates” (neg. phase & elasticity)– Interior & Exterior protected due to retention
performance
Blast Test with Annealed
Blast Resistant GlazingRetrofit Installations
Glazing Tape
ExistingAluminum Frame or Window
Glazing Tape
Retrofit Frame
Laminated Glass
Setting Block 1/8 - 1/4” thick
(positioned at bottom of glass only - 6” from corners &
midpoint)
Existing Glass
Blast Test with Laminated
20 psi ; 78 psi*msec700 lb. TNT Equivalent
From the OUTSIDE!
20 psi ; 78 psi*msec700 lb. TNT Equivalent
From the INSIDE!
Twin Span – Curtain Wall
Pre-test: 6 psi
@ 42 psi*msec
Twin Span – Curtain Wall
Post-test: 6 psi
@ 42 psi*msec
System Design
Importance of Framing Design – Frame must withstand designed and transferred loads– Adequate Frame attachment to the structure– Anchoring of laminate into frame – sealant, tape
• minimum 1/4” – at least as thick as Blast Resistant Glazing• glass depth bite up to 1”
Laminate Configuration– Structural load governs minimum thickness and
treatment– Interlayer minimum 0.030” (0.76 mm) for AN– Recommend 0.060” (1.52 mm) for HS or FT
Security: Blast Trends
• Government mandates for laminated glass
• Annealed and Heat Strengthened Glass
• Standard PVB in 30 or 60 gauge
• Laminated Insulating Units
• Double Laminated for Essential Facilities
• Rational Analysis of Tested Systems
Security: Blast Trends continued…
• Multifunctional Units• Glazing into Hurricane Approved Systems• Specifications following Government
Guidelines• Social Responsibility of Building Owners• Psychological Need for Protection
CONCLUSIONSLaminated Glass with PVB
– High performer in bomb blast protection• Protects building structure, occupants and surroundings
– Wide Application Range– Top choice for New Construction– Retrofit capable and feasible – Resists the impact from debris– Offers high levels of retention– Must Follow Loads from Glass to Building– Must consider all design parameters
Additional ProtectionSafety, Sound and Solar
Meets all the Federal and Voluntary safety glazing standards:
ANZI Z97.1 CPSC 16 CFR 1201
(Consumer Product Safety Commission)
Resist penetration, won’t shatter into dangerous fragments
Benefits of Laminated GlassSAFETY
Benefits of Laminated GlassSOUND
Reduces unwanted sound and noise
Typical STC ratings between 32-36, specific constructions 40-50.
Can reduce perceived noise by up to 50%
Benefits of Laminated GlassSOLAR
Screens out 99% of harmful & damaging UV rays to 380 nm equivalent to SPF 50+
Protects delicate plants, fabrics, carpets, and furniture from fading
Can use tinted PVB to reduce solar heat gain, reduce glare
1000’s of design possibilities with color
For both interiors and exteriors w/ heat & light stable pigments
Benefits of Laminated GlassAesthetic
Christian La Croix
Project Showcase
Las Vegas Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Federal Courthouse Architect: Architect: Dworsky
Associates
Oklahoma City Federal Campus Oklahoma City Federal Campus Architect: Architect: Ross Barney and Jankowski Architects
Eagleton Federal Courthouse St. Louis, MO Eagleton Federal Courthouse St. Louis, MO Architect: Architect: HOK
Oasis 21 Nagoya, Japan Oasis 21 Nagoya, Japan Architect: Architect: Obayashi Corporation
South Beach Cinema Miami, FL South Beach Cinema Miami, FL Architect: Architect: Zyscovich, Inc.
Tokyo International Forum Tokyo International Forum Architect: Architect: Raphael Vinoly Architects
Laminated Glass ProtectionSummary
Application • Safety Glazing
• Main Force Entry
• Ballistic
• Windborne Debris (SM)
• Windborne Debris (LM)
• Seismic
• Bomb Blast
Basic Configuration*. . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer / Glass
. . . . . . . Glass / 0.060” interlayer / Glass
. . .. . . . . . . . . Multi-layer glass with 0.015” interlayer
. . . . . . Glass / 0.060” interlayer / Glass
. . . . . . . . Glass/ 0.090” interlayer, or 0.075” composite interlayer / Glass
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer/ Glass
. . . . . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer / Glass
*Minimum interlayer thickness depending upon type with glass designed for appropriate structural load
Information & Support
• Websites • Product Literature• Master Format
Specs• Spec Reviews• Technical Support• Custom Samples Architectural Glazing Solutions Architectural Glazing Solutions
Centre: 1-877-674-1233 Centre: 1-877-674-1233
www.Saflex.com
Questions?
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distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the
speaker is prohibited.
© Solutia Inc. 2007
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