Nanosensors and Nanoreliability - IFSTTAR · 2017. 1. 12. · common experimental platform – Accelerate appropriation – Foster co-design – Create new concepts • True performance
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TRANSFIAB WORKSHOP
Nanosensors and Nanoreliability
Bérengère Lebental & Laurence Bodelot
Wednesday, December 7th , 2016
The rise of the “Internet of Sensors” for Smarter Cities
2
The Internet of Sensors: Urban Data Gathering via the
Internet of Things [Lebental 15a]
From institutional data gathering to general public application
2009 20162000
Smart cars & wearables
Sensors for exploitation (road, water, buildings)
Institutional sensor systems
Billi
ons o
f dev
ices
The challenges of the “Internet of Sensors”
3
Enhanced sensing capabilities
Multifunctionality
Miniaturization
Autonomy
Resilience/ Reliability
Manufacturability at low cost
Market state of the art PROTEUS product
Product
TRIPOD from AQUALABO PROTEUS Smart sensor system
Volume 1739 cm3 Approx. 125 cm3: 10x decrease in volume
Measured parameters
7 parameters in predefined ranges
Temperature, pH, Redox potential, Conductivity, Salinity,
dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity
9 parameters with enhanced range of operation based on reconfigurability
Identical: Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen. Additional: Pressure, Flow rate, Chlorine, Chloride, Nitrate To be added in industrialization step: Salinity, turbidity
Not applicable waste/rain water networks
Adaptation to waste/rain water networksbased on reconfigurability and reliability
Lifetime >3 months > 2 year, x8 increase in lifetimeCommunicati
ngWired; handheld recorder
Fully wireless with UWB communication including cognitive networking
Data processing
No in-built data treatmentOn-chip data processing for reaction, prediction
and cognitionAutonomy Wired power supply Autonomous via vibration harvesting
Selling price 2500€Pre-series: < 1000€; x2.5 decrease
Industrial level:
Sense-city: reliability of the IoS
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• Bring together R&D and urban planning stakeholders around a common experimental platform– Accelerate appropriation– Foster co-design– Create new concepts
• True performance assessment for urban technologies– In realistic conditions– Over realistic durations
Phase 1: the connected district,
a shared experimental
platform
Self-diagnosis of road pavement [Ghaddab 14]
Photovoltaic road
Crack detection by nanosensor
[Michelis 15a]
Phase 2: urban scenarios in climatic conditions [Derkx 12]
Nanotechnologies : key-enabling technologies for the “Internet of Sensors”?
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High power density batteriesBeyond CMOS electronic building blocksEnhanced sensing
devices
A lot of
expectations!
Technology transfer for nanodevices?
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How many nanodevices have durably reached real-life?
CHALLENGES: REPRODUCIBILITY & RELIABILITY
NanodevicesRARELY
overcome the valley of
depth of technology
transfer
Nanocarbon as benchmark
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Today’s carbon hype: 2 recent Nobel prizes
Thermal conductivity: >5x copper
Electron mobility: >100 x silicon
Mechanical properties:Young’s modulus: 5 x steel
[Smalley 03, Allen 09, Mochalin 12, DeVolder 13]
Applications:-Beyond-Moore electronics
-Energy applications -Filler in nanocomposites
- Drug delivery and therapy
Nanocarbon sensors
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Gas sensors: Vapor water (relative humidity), Atmospheric gas Dangerous gas (civil or defense)Volatile Organic Compounds Biomarkers in human breath
Other: Strain [Ghaddab 14, Lebental 14a], flow, thermal
Chemical sensing:pH, chlorine, heavy metals
Biological sensing:biomarkers in saliva or blood
WHAT?
Electronics devices: [Cojocaru 11]
Electrodes for electrochemistry
Electromechanical devices: [Lebental 11]
Optical devices and spectroscopy
HOW?
Wet-processed networks of: • MWNT in dichlorobenzene or cellulose
• Suspended, aligned SWNT• Carbon/clay/MWNT nanoparticles
Grown materials • Low density SWNT network [Lebental 14b]
• Interfacial graphene on glass [Lee 12]• Textured carbon [Loisel 16]
MATERIALS?
A case study: carbon nanotube sensors
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Typical architecture: Inkjet printed, random network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on polymer
Fabrication reproducibility Raverage = 156 kΩ Variability= 15%
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A multifunctional carbon nanotube sensor
10What about reproducibility in sensitivity?
Strain
Strain (µε)
dR/R
(%) pH
pH
Resis
tanc
e(k
Ω) Humidity
dR/R
(%)
Relative humidity (%)Temperature
dR/R
(%)
Temperature (°C)
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LOWEST REPORTED VARIABILITY ON SENSITIVITY [MICHELIS 2015] 15% ON GAUGE FACTOR, 8% ON TEMPERATURE
Highly reproducible sensing performances
MARGINAL topic in the SOTA (10% of papers) with INCOMPLETE results (no statistics)
4 devicesfrom the
same batch
7 devicesfrom the
same batch
Does it meet requirements for deployments?
From a nanosensor to a connected device
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How to plug a nanosensor into the Internet of Things? A series of building
blocks to implement
Specificity of nanosensors? The analog front-end
(conditioning electronics)
(MULTIPLEXED) NANOSENSORS
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Autonomous node with RFID communication through mortar43 cm3 LARGE, 1.5cm THICK 3 times smaller than SOTA
Embedded monitoring in construction materials
November 2014
Two years of continuous embedding into Sense-City!
Live data from Sense-City
(Cloud-based)supervisor
Output voltage CNT sensor #9
Output voltages CNT sensors
#2,3,4
October 2016
14
Resilience of carbon nanotube vs commercial sensors?
Commercial strain gauge CNT strain gauge
Enhanced resilience in concrete of CNT sensors compared to
commercialCommercial: 10% 6-month survival rate
CNT: 70% 6-month survival rate
From enhanced resilience to reliability
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Device Model for understanding
Reversible small strain cycling
Irreversible large strain cycling
Next stage: nanoscale understanding and life time prediction
Irreversible large strain cycling
Accelerated ageing for textured carbon
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Pristine material
Nanosecond laser annealing of textured carbon [Loisel2016a]
INTERPRETATION?
Accelerated ageing for textured carbon
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Crystallinity changes observed via Raman spectroscopy
Partially reversible phase changes
INTERPRETATION?
First report on laser-induced amorphization of carbon
Toward optically-controlled non volatile memory
Accelerated ageing for textured carbon
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, , = . ∇ = , , + , , ∇ 0, , = , on S1 (heat source) , , = 298 2 3 (boundary conditions, see Erreur ! Source du renvoi From observation to understanding, via finite element modelling (used as a thermometer)
Crystalline changes: With increasing energy, evolution from heterogeneous to homogeneous solidification of the carbon melt.
Surface changes: With increasing energy, the maximum surface temperature changes, causing partial or total melt, sputtering or even explosive boiling
PLATINE: a platform for nanoreliability
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Dedicated test bench for in-situ multiphysicscharacterizations under coupled loadings
Identification of ageing hot spots to be analyzed with high res tools
Summary of contributions
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Record in REPRODUCIBILITY
achieved for carbon nanotube sensors
Development of a NANORELIABILITY toolbox for device understanding and lifetime prediction
SENSE-CITY developed as a set of
tools to enhance urban sustainability
via smartness
Promotion of the TRL increase of
Nanocarbon sensors via deployments
Nanosensors are only a few years away
from actual sustainable cities
applications
Road monitoring: SmartR mat
21
Water network monitoring
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Water quality monitoring with heterointegratedCNT-MEMS-CMOS
Many thanks to my colleagues and students
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F. Michelis, L. Loisel, E. Milana, W. Moujahid, A. Gutierrez, S. Ramachandran, M. Godumalla, F.Zaki, O. Antoine, A. Themeli, P. PerrinJ.-M. Caussignac, F. Bourquin, H. Jacquot Guimbal, F. Derkx, H. Van Damme, E. Merliot, P. Bruley,,J. Waeytens, A. Ruas, P. Chatellier, N. Hautière, R. Chakir, F. Bouanis, V. Le Cam, J. Dumoulin, J.L.Sorin, S. Marceau, D. Siegert, S. Buttigieg, G. Six, J. L. Bachelier, M. Fremont, S. Somma, E. Bacchi,D. Fernier, J. Renaud, E. Vidal
Y. Zang, B. Caduc, E. Norman, C. S. Lee, H. Woo,Y. Bonnassieux, J.C. Vanel, D. Tondelier, C.S. Cojocaru, E. Caristan, G. Rose,, G. Zucchi, A. Yassar, B.Drévillon, P. Roca, I. Florea, M. Chatelet, J. E. Bourré, J. L. Maurice, L. Corbel, G. Medina, D.Marcillac, J. Charliac, E. Paillassa, J. L . Moncel
L. PavicL. Bodelot, B. Gusarov, A. Constantinescu, P. Le Tallec
J.M. Laheurte, T. Bourouina, H. Rivano, B. Mercier, F. Marty, J. L. Polleux
N. Sridi, A. Maurice, C. VilletteA. Ghis, O. Coussy, A. Pilar, E. Ruiz, B. K. Tay
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
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