Nanosensors and Nanoreliability - IFSTTAR · 2017. 1. 12. · common experimental platform – Accelerate appropriation – Foster co-design – Create new concepts • True performance

1

TRANSFIAB WORKSHOP

Nanosensors and Nanoreliability

Bérengère Lebental & Laurence Bodelot

Wednesday, December 7th , 2016

The rise of the “Internet of Sensors” for Smarter Cities

2

The Internet of Sensors: Urban Data Gathering via the

Internet of Things [Lebental 15a]

From institutional data gathering to general public application

2009 20162000

Smart cars & wearables

Sensors for exploitation (road, water, buildings)

Institutional sensor systems

Billi

ons o

f dev

ices

The challenges of the “Internet of Sensors”

3

Enhanced sensing capabilities

Multifunctionality

Miniaturization

Autonomy

Resilience/ Reliability

Manufacturability at low cost

Market state of the art PROTEUS product

Product

TRIPOD from AQUALABO PROTEUS Smart sensor system

Volume 1739 cm3 Approx. 125 cm3: 10x decrease in volume

Measured parameters

7 parameters in predefined ranges

Temperature, pH, Redox potential, Conductivity, Salinity,

dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity

9 parameters with enhanced range of operation based on reconfigurability

Identical: Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen. Additional: Pressure, Flow rate, Chlorine, Chloride, Nitrate To be added in industrialization step: Salinity, turbidity

Not applicable waste/rain water networks

Adaptation to waste/rain water networksbased on reconfigurability and reliability

Lifetime >3 months > 2 year, x8 increase in lifetimeCommunicati

ngWired; handheld recorder

Fully wireless with UWB communication including cognitive networking

Data processing

No in-built data treatmentOn-chip data processing for reaction, prediction

and cognitionAutonomy Wired power supply Autonomous via vibration harvesting

Selling price 2500€Pre-series: < 1000€; x2.5 decrease

Industrial level:

Sense-city: reliability of the IoS

4

• Bring together R&D and urban planning stakeholders around a common experimental platform– Accelerate appropriation– Foster co-design– Create new concepts

• True performance assessment for urban technologies– In realistic conditions– Over realistic durations

Phase 1: the connected district,

a shared experimental

platform

Self-diagnosis of road pavement [Ghaddab 14]

Photovoltaic road

Crack detection by nanosensor

[Michelis 15a]

Phase 2: urban scenarios in climatic conditions [Derkx 12]

Nanotechnologies : key-enabling technologies for the “Internet of Sensors”?

5

High power density batteriesBeyond CMOS electronic building blocksEnhanced sensing

devices

A lot of

expectations!

Technology transfer for nanodevices?

6

How many nanodevices have durably reached real-life?

CHALLENGES: REPRODUCIBILITY & RELIABILITY

NanodevicesRARELY

overcome the valley of

depth of technology

transfer

Nanocarbon as benchmark

7

Today’s carbon hype: 2 recent Nobel prizes

Thermal conductivity: >5x copper

Electron mobility: >100 x silicon

Mechanical properties:Young’s modulus: 5 x steel

[Smalley 03, Allen 09, Mochalin 12, DeVolder 13]

Applications:-Beyond-Moore electronics

-Energy applications -Filler in nanocomposites

- Drug delivery and therapy

Nanocarbon sensors

8

Gas sensors: Vapor water (relative humidity), Atmospheric gas Dangerous gas (civil or defense)Volatile Organic Compounds Biomarkers in human breath

Other: Strain [Ghaddab 14, Lebental 14a], flow, thermal

Chemical sensing:pH, chlorine, heavy metals

Biological sensing:biomarkers in saliva or blood

WHAT?

Electronics devices: [Cojocaru 11]

Electrodes for electrochemistry

Electromechanical devices: [Lebental 11]

Optical devices and spectroscopy

HOW?

Wet-processed networks of: • MWNT in dichlorobenzene or cellulose

• Suspended, aligned SWNT• Carbon/clay/MWNT nanoparticles

Grown materials • Low density SWNT network [Lebental 14b]

• Interfacial graphene on glass [Lee 12]• Textured carbon [Loisel 16]

MATERIALS?

A case study: carbon nanotube sensors

9

Typical architecture: Inkjet printed, random network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on polymer

Fabrication reproducibility Raverage = 156 kΩ Variability= 15%

9

A multifunctional carbon nanotube sensor

10What about reproducibility in sensitivity?

Strain

Strain (µε)

dR/R

(%) pH

pH

Resis

tanc

e(k

Ω) Humidity

dR/R

(%)

Relative humidity (%)Temperature

dR/R

(%)

Temperature (°C)

11

LOWEST REPORTED VARIABILITY ON SENSITIVITY [MICHELIS 2015] 15% ON GAUGE FACTOR, 8% ON TEMPERATURE

Highly reproducible sensing performances

MARGINAL topic in the SOTA (10% of papers) with INCOMPLETE results (no statistics)

4 devicesfrom the

same batch

7 devicesfrom the

same batch

Does it meet requirements for deployments?

From a nanosensor to a connected device

12

How to plug a nanosensor into the Internet of Things? A series of building

blocks to implement

Specificity of nanosensors? The analog front-end

(conditioning electronics)

(MULTIPLEXED) NANOSENSORS

13

Autonomous node with RFID communication through mortar43 cm3 LARGE, 1.5cm THICK 3 times smaller than SOTA

Embedded monitoring in construction materials

November 2014

Two years of continuous embedding into Sense-City!

Live data from Sense-City

(Cloud-based)supervisor

Output voltage CNT sensor #9

Output voltages CNT sensors

#2,3,4

October 2016

14

Resilience of carbon nanotube vs commercial sensors?

Commercial strain gauge CNT strain gauge

Enhanced resilience in concrete of CNT sensors compared to

commercialCommercial: 10% 6-month survival rate

CNT: 70% 6-month survival rate

From enhanced resilience to reliability

15

Device Model for understanding

Reversible small strain cycling

Irreversible large strain cycling

Next stage: nanoscale understanding and life time prediction

Irreversible large strain cycling

Accelerated ageing for textured carbon

16

Pristine material

Nanosecond laser annealing of textured carbon [Loisel2016a]

INTERPRETATION?

Accelerated ageing for textured carbon

17

Crystallinity changes observed via Raman spectroscopy

Partially reversible phase changes

INTERPRETATION?

First report on laser-induced amorphization of carbon

Toward optically-controlled non volatile memory

Accelerated ageing for textured carbon

18

, , = . ∇ = , , + , , ∇ 0, , = , on S1 (heat source) , , = 298 2 3 (boundary conditions, see Erreur ! Source du renvoi From observation to understanding, via finite element modelling (used as a thermometer)

Crystalline changes: With increasing energy, evolution from heterogeneous to homogeneous solidification of the carbon melt.

Surface changes: With increasing energy, the maximum surface temperature changes, causing partial or total melt, sputtering or even explosive boiling

PLATINE: a platform for nanoreliability

19

Dedicated test bench for in-situ multiphysicscharacterizations under coupled loadings

Identification of ageing hot spots to be analyzed with high res tools

Summary of contributions

20

Record in REPRODUCIBILITY

achieved for carbon nanotube sensors

Development of a NANORELIABILITY toolbox for device understanding and lifetime prediction

SENSE-CITY developed as a set of

tools to enhance urban sustainability

via smartness

Promotion of the TRL increase of

Nanocarbon sensors via deployments

Nanosensors are only a few years away

from actual sustainable cities

applications

Road monitoring: SmartR mat

21

Water network monitoring

22

Water quality monitoring with heterointegratedCNT-MEMS-CMOS

Many thanks to my colleagues and students

23

F. Michelis, L. Loisel, E. Milana, W. Moujahid, A. Gutierrez, S. Ramachandran, M. Godumalla, F.Zaki, O. Antoine, A. Themeli, P. PerrinJ.-M. Caussignac, F. Bourquin, H. Jacquot Guimbal, F. Derkx, H. Van Damme, E. Merliot, P. Bruley,,J. Waeytens, A. Ruas, P. Chatellier, N. Hautière, R. Chakir, F. Bouanis, V. Le Cam, J. Dumoulin, J.L.Sorin, S. Marceau, D. Siegert, S. Buttigieg, G. Six, J. L. Bachelier, M. Fremont, S. Somma, E. Bacchi,D. Fernier, J. Renaud, E. Vidal

Y. Zang, B. Caduc, E. Norman, C. S. Lee, H. Woo,Y. Bonnassieux, J.C. Vanel, D. Tondelier, C.S. Cojocaru, E. Caristan, G. Rose,, G. Zucchi, A. Yassar, B.Drévillon, P. Roca, I. Florea, M. Chatelet, J. E. Bourré, J. L. Maurice, L. Corbel, G. Medina, D.Marcillac, J. Charliac, E. Paillassa, J. L . Moncel

L. PavicL. Bodelot, B. Gusarov, A. Constantinescu, P. Le Tallec

J.M. Laheurte, T. Bourouina, H. Rivano, B. Mercier, F. Marty, J. L. Polleux

N. Sridi, A. Maurice, C. VilletteA. Ghis, O. Coussy, A. Pilar, E. Ruiz, B. K. Tay

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION