Nano Tem111708 V1
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Health & Safety Issues of
NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association
Health & Safety Issues of
NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association
Health & Safety Issues of
NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association
Health & Safety Issues of
NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association
Health & Safety Issues of
NanotechnologyFrank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 6
Outline: EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions
What
Why
How
Proposed Research
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 7
Outline: EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Size matters
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 8
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 9
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 10
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 11
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 12
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 13
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 14
EH&S NanotechnologyScale Name Symbol1024 yota Y1021 zetta Z1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h101 deka da10-1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p10-15 femto f10-18 atto a10-21 zepto z10-24 yocto y
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 15
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Size matters
[001]
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 16
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Size matters
[001]
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 17
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Size matters
[001]
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
200 nm
Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of RichardTiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 18
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Shape matters
[001]
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
200 nm
Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of RichardTiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 19
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Chemistry matters
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 20
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions• Chemical Properties
• Elemental• Phase or compound• Purity, variation• Chemical species distribution• Bonding and electronic structure• Crystallographic structure• Surface structure• Molecular• Biocompatibility/activity …
• Physical Properties• Morphology• Magnetic• Dielectric Constant• Hardness• Biocompatibility …
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 21
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions• Chemical Properties
• Elemental• Phase or compound• Purity, variation• Chemical species distribution• Bonding and electronic structure• Crystallographic structure• Surface structure• Molecular• Biocompatibility/activity …
• Physical Properties• Morphology• Magnetic• Dielectric Constant• Hardness• Biocompatibility …
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 22
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsIntrinsically nanoscale powders
• Specialty powders• Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, Tb-Y2O3, TiO2
• pigments• catalysts• carbon black
• Micropowders with nanoscale coatings• Hard coating materials (WC-TiN, WC-TiC, Cr2C2-TiN, Ni/Fe-TiC,
diamond/WC/Co, Nb-TiN)• Specialty materials: Ag-ZnO, Cu-ZnO, SiO2-TiO2, CuCrOx• Pharmaceuticals• Coating tuned to custom needs• Hard Coatings, Thermal Barrier Films, Corrosion Resistance, Stealth,
Drug Delivery, Explosives, Implants• Nanoparticle Dispersion and Containment
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 23
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsTuning Nanoparticles• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired product
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 24
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsTuning Nanoparticles• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired product
• What other effects do these properties have on people, the environment,plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 25
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsTuning Nanoparticles• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired product
• What other effects do these properties have on people, the environment,plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 26
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsTuning Nanoparticles• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired product
• What other effects do these properties have on people, the environment,plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 27
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– Size matters
– Shape matters
– Chemistry matters
– other…
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 28
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– other…
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 29
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– other…Mass
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 30
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– other…Mass
Surface Area
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 31
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions– other…Mass
Surface Area
Morphology (see also size, shape)
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 32
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMass / Surface Area
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 33
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMass / Surface Area
10 nm
10 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 34
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMass / Surface Area
10 nm
10 nm
Like any catalyst – increased surface area increases reaction sites, nanoparticles are an extreme example of this, sometimes with unintended consequences!
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 35
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 36
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 37
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
Quartz
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 38
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
100 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 39
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
100 nm
100 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 40
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
100 nm
100 nm
Chrysotile Asbestos
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 41
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
• Quartz• Size• Crystal-Chemical form• Surface area• Surface composition• Exposure measurement
• Asbestos• Morphology• Composition• Exposure measurement• Cocarcinogens• Smoking• Surface composition• Latency or time delay of
disease onset
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 42
EH&S Nanotechnology
DefinitionsMorphology… Oops
• Quartz• Size• Crystal-Chemical form• Surface area• Surface composition• Exposure measurement
• Asbestos• Morphology• Composition• Exposure measurement• Cocarcinogens• Smoking• Surface composition• Latency or time delay of
disease onset
• Asbestos• Natural nanofibers• 50 years of health
effect research• Shape, size, composition• Interactions with human body• Longevity in body• 20+ year latency for cancer• Liability is still killing
companies
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 43
EH&S Nanotechnology
Definitions
What
Why
How
Proposed Research
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 44
EH&S Nanotechnology Health
– Epidemiology
Animal Studies– Where do nanoparticles go?– How do they interact?– How are they changed in the living system?
Exposure Characterization– What concentration is important?– What should be measured?
Particle Characterization– How do we measure the critical parameters?
Standards– Materials– Methods
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 45
EH&S Nanotechnology
Research?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 46
EH&S Nanotechnology
Model? Method?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 47
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 48
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS What do we measure?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 49
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 50
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 51
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 52
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 53
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 54
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?• Mass? Particle number? Composition? Morphology?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 55
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?• Mass? Particle number? Composition? Morphology?
• WE DO NOT KNOW UNTIL WE MEASURE
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 56
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS • What do we measure?• What is tested in animal studies?• What are people exposed to?• Are they the same?• What concentration matters?• Measured in what units?• Mass? Particle number? Composition? Morphology?
• WE DO NOT KNOW UNTIL WE MEASURE
• But how many and which measurements are correct?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 57
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICSCurrently we have insufficient knowledge to:
Predict health effectMeasure health effectPredict which properties to measureDevelop exposure measurement methods and relationships to health effect
Incomplete data will be misleadingIt’s a good time to start measuring
Cross-disciplinary experimental design will help reducemisleading results
•NCI, NIST, FDA Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer and Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 58
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 59
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
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EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 61
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 62
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 63
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in conducting airways of the mouse lung after inhalation exposure.
CDC/NIOSH
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 64
EH&S Nanotechnology
METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 65
EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
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EH&S Nanotechnology
StakeholdersManufacturers
– countless products and applications!!!
Worker safety
Consumer Safety
Generational / Humanity Concerns
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 74
EH&S Nanotechnology
StakeholdersConsumer Safety
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 75
EH&S Nanotechnology
StakeholdersConsumer Safety:
–CPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 76
EH&S Nanotechnology
StakeholdersConsumer SafetyCPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of
nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 77
EH&S Nanotechnology
StakeholdersConsumer SafetyCPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of
nanoprodutcs and the wide range of nanomaterials used to make them, it is likely that many nanoproducts will be on the market for years before industry even begins to develop safety standards that will address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 78
EH&S Nanotechnology
Stakeholders Trial Lawyers Association
Insurance Companies
etc……
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 79
EH&S Nanotechnology
Coordinate efforts and learn from the past?
Industry, Academia, Government, Medical, Industrial Hygiene, Metrology, Environmental coordination
Shift materials and application development to include health effects research
Start standards efforts for consensus
Methods, materials, health and environmental
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 80
EH&S Nanotechnology
Proactive in stopping health effects before they happen?
Err on the conservative side?
Over protect
Over characterize
Until we understand the effects
Be flexible and responsive … many unknowns and latency problem
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 81
EH&S Nanotechnology
Work with potential anti-nano stakeholders?
Understand fear and skepticism and use it to help design better nanomanufacturing and nanotechnology as well as health and environmental studies
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 82
EH&S Nanotechnology
Questions?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety Issues of Nanotechnology 83
EH&S Nanotechnology
Contact:
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director – IATL
Vice-President – nanoTEM
frankehrenfeld@iatl.com
(609) 929-4211
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