Transcript
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VACCINES
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. How vaccines work 3. Different types of vaccines
4. Harmful microbes
5. Vaccine preventable disease, and vaccination
6. Vaccine benefits
7. Production
8. Vaccines of the future
9. Making a safe vaccine
10.FDA License & NIAID Vaccine Research
11.Conclusion
12.References
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INTRODUCTION
Vaccines are a safe, cost-effective, and efficient way to prevent sickness
and death from infectious disease. Generally we are using vaccines for diphtheria, rubella, pertussis. The Some of the examples for vaccines
arewhooping cough (pertussis), measles, mumps, and German measles
(rubella). Your immune system takes more than a week to learn how to fight
off an unfamiliar microbe. Stronger microbes can spread through your body
faster than the immune system can fend them off.
General information about vaccines :
• What they are
• How they prevent disease
• How they are made and tested
• What vaccine research might achieve in the future
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HOW VACCINES WORK
Antigens sound the alarm
Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
Anti bodies in action
Clearing the infection
How vaccines mimic action
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ANTIGENS SOUND THE ALARM:
• Macrophages
• Lymph nodes , bean sized organs scattered through out our body
• Regurgitating
• Yellow fever antigen to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are two types
T cells
B cells
T cell: These offensive T cell don‟t attack the virus .
Cytotoxic T cellDirect activity of other immune system cell
B cell: These are extremely important molecular weapons
Anti body with one antigen
50 million B cells random genetic shuffling
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Anti bodies in action:
These attack the viruses, not infected any cell, but are lurcking in blood or the
space between cells.
• Signal microphages
• Humoral immune response.
• Without any help from killer T cells.
• Yellow fever .
• Skin becomes yellow ,covered with purple spots.• T cells and antibodies begain to eliminate.
• Virus disappears from body and feel better.
• Some of yellow fever fighting with B cells and T cells converted into
memory cells.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES
Bacterium X
Analyze bacterium X gene
Types of vaccines
Live attenuated
Inactivated
Sub unit
Toxoid
Conjugate
DNA VaccineRecombinated vector
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES:
o Live attenuated vaccines against bacteria
o Attenuation
o These vaccines are relatively easy to create certain viruses
o Measles, mumps , and chicken pox
o
These are more difficult to create for a bacteria
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INACTIVATED VACCINES:
Killed vaccines, better for bacterium „X‟ .
Chemicals, heat, or radiation and these are safer than live vaccines .
Easily stored and transported in a freeze - dried form.
Additional doses or booster shots.
SUB UNIT VACCINES: Stimulate the immune system
Epitopes - antibodies or T cells recognize and bind
Tricky ,time-consuming process
Recombinant sub unit vaccines
Made for the hepatitis-B virus
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TOXOID VACCINES
Bacterium‟ X‟ secrets a toxin , or harmful chemicals.
Formalin
De toxoids, safe for use in vaccines .
Harmless toxoid, learns fight off the natural toxin.
Vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus.
CONJUGATE VACCINES
Polysaccharides
Infant‟s immune system can recognize to polysaccharide.
Poly saccharide coatings defend against the disease – causing bacterium.
DNA VACCINE
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DNA VACCINE: Bacterium „X‟
DNA vaccine couldn‟t cause disease
Naked DNA vaccine
Shoot microscopic gold particles
Influenza and HIV
RECOMBINATED VECTOR VACCINES: Experimental similar to DNA vaccines
Vector
Roomy genomes
Bacterial and viral vector
HIV, rabies, and measles
SOME VACCINE TYPES AND DISEASES THEY PROTECT
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SOME VACCINE TYPES AND DISEASES THEY PROTECT
AGAINST
VACCINE TYPE DISEASE
Live, attenuated vaccines Measles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin
vaccine), yellow fever
Inactivated or “killed” vaccines Measles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin
vaccine), yellow fever
Toxoid vaccine Diphtheria, tetanus
Subunit vaccines Hepatitis B, pertussis, pneumonia
caused by Streptococcus pneumonia
Conjugate vaccines Haemophilus influenzae type b,
pneumonia caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae
DNA vaccines In clinical testing
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HARMFUL MICROBES
Genetic material
warmth, nutrients, and tissues.
Vaccines proved highly effective some of examples
Variola
Polio virus
Bordetella pertussis
Chicken pox, hepatitis A&B, Haemophilus influenza type b
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VACCINE BENIFITS
Naturally acquired Immunity
Artificially acquired immunity
Advantages Disadvantages
Produce a strong immune response Often give lifelong
immunity with one or two doses
Remote possibility that the live microbe could mutate
back to a virulent form Must be refrigerated to stay
potent
Safer and more stable than live vaccines Produce a weaker immune response than live vaccines
Don‟t require refrigeration: more easily stored and
transported
Usually require additional doses, or booster shots
Teaches the immune system to fight off bacterial toxins
Targeted to very specific parts of the microbe Fewer
antigens, so lower chance of adverse reactions
When developing a new vaccine, identifying the best
antigens can be difficult and time consuming
Allow infant immune systems to recognize certain bacteria
Produce a strong antibody and cellular immune response Still in experimental stages
Relatively easy and inexpensive to produce
Closely mimic a natural infection, stimulating a strong
immune response
Still in experimental stages
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PRODUCTION
Bioreactors
Ultrafiltration and column chromatography
Multidose vials.
Potential incompatibilities
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
EXCIPIENTS:
Aiuminium adjuvants
Anti bioticsEgg protien
Formaldehyde
Mono sodium glutamate and 2-phenoxy ethanol
Thimerosal
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VACCINE OF THE FUTURE
o Edible vaccine
o Potatoes-Eschrichia coli
o
Bananas-noro virus
o Gelatin capsules
o Thin skin patch, dendritic cells
o Diarrhea, tetanus, anthrax & seasonal flu
o FDA & NIAID Research
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MAKING A SAFE VACCINES
LAB AND ANIMAL TESTING:
• Pre clinical testing
• Mice, rabbits, guinea pig or monkeys
INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION:
• IND application
STUDIES IN HUMANS:
• clinical trials
• Phase I - 20 or fewer people
• Phase II - 50 to several hundred people
• Phase III -protect against illness
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FDA & NIAID RESEARCH
• Biologics License Application
• Vaccine intended for public use
•
FDA inspects the manufacturing facility.
• Scientists, physicians, statisticians, and consumer representatives
• NIAID Research
• HIV/AIDS
• Bioterrorism
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CONCLUSION
The vaccines are mainly 38 vaccines especially for childrens by newer
technology provides the natural vaccines and showing the much better
action. The nano technology also provides the new methods for making
vaccines for the some other diseases. With improved vaccines and
expanded knowledge about immunology, the way we prevent against
disease has changed.
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REFERENCES
• Stefan Riedel, MD, PhD (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of
smallpox and vaccination" Vol. : 39 Pp- 1 –25.
• Grammatikos, Alexandros P.; Mantadakis, Elpis; Falagas, Matthew E. (June
2009). "Meta-analyses on Pediatric Infections and Vaccines". Infectious
Disease Clinics of North America Vol: 23 (2): Pp-431 –57.
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008.
• Bmj.bmjjournals.com. Retrieved 2013-04-26. Cohort study journals -
Schlegeletal. "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during
disease outbreak in eastern Switzerland: Vol:58(6) Pp-319 (7206): 352 -
bmj.co
• Halloran, M.E. (2003). Clinical Infectious Diseases (Oxford Journals) 37(6)
"Effects of Pertussis Vaccination on Disease: Vaccine Efficacy in Reducing
Clinical Severity".
• Orenstein WA, Papania MJ, Wharton ME (2004). "Measles elimination in
the United States". Vol:84 Pp-496 – 684 doi:10.1086/377693.
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