morphemes

Morphemes and AllomorphMember of group:

Agung Wahyuono ( 117919 )

Dwi Puji Rahayu ( 117832 )

Riza Uzrotul. M ( 117899 )

Wahyu Ningsih ( 117829 )

Yusrotul Aulia .D ( 117798 )

Andri Wahyuni ( 117903 )

What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is the smallest meaningfulunit.

The meaning that a morpheme gives can be: Grammatical (for instance: the part of

speech, if the word is plural orsingular, the tense of a verb, etc.)

Lexical (that is the ‘dictionary’ meaning’)

Both grammatical and lexical

Morphemes

Free

morpheme

Bound

morpheme

functionallexical

inflectionalderivational

Root

Grammatical/ Stem

Kinds of morphemes (I)

Morphemes can be bound or free A morpheme is bound if it cannot stand

on its own, if it cannot be a word byitself:

co-, -er, -s, -ity, -ness A morpheme is free if it can stand on its

own, if it can be a word by itself:cat, house, man, happy

Kinds of morphemes (II)

Morphemes can also be classifiedas roots or affixes

A root is the most importantmorpheme (bound or free) withlexical information in the word. It isthe base to which other morphemesare added.

An affix is a bound morpheme thatis added to the root to form a complex word.

Kinds of morphemes (III)

Affixes can be further classified as prefixes or suffixes.

A prefix is an affix that is added beforethe root.

cowrite, impossible, undo A suffix is an affix that is added after the

root.writer, happiness, doable

Allomorphs

Sometimes, because of historical orphonological reasons, the same morphemecan have different forms (differentrealizations)

impossible, incredible, illegal, irrelevant Many morphemes have two or more

different pronunciations, called allomorphs

Morpheme, Morph, Allomorph

books /-s/

pigs /-z/

boxes /-iz/

A morph is a physical form representing a certain morpheme in a language.

Sometimes different morphs may represent the same morpheme; i.e., a morpheme may take different forms. If so, they are called allomorphs of that morpheme.

two different spelling forms， and

three different phonological forms,

but these different forms represent

the same grammatical meaning

[Plural])

Complementary Distribution Allomorphs are morphs in complementary distribution; i.e. they

are never found in identical contexts.

The choice of allomorph used in a given context is normally

based on the properties of the neighboring sounds.

Example: The third person singular verb suffix and the plural

nominal suffix –s in English

[s] [z] [iz]

morpheme

morphmorphmorph

PLURAL

Complementary Distribution

morpheme

negative morpheme im- & in-

morph1: im morph2: in morph3: in

impossible indecent incomplete

[imp---] [ind---] [iŋk---]

An exercise of allomorphy

English has a single morpheme to indicate

plurality in nouns, but that morpheme is

realized in different allomorphs:

-S

[s]

[iz]

[z]

cats, rocks, clocks, tests

dogs, balls, bags, cans

horses, churches,

quizzesNow do exercise B (in-class worksheet 1)

Plural allomorphy

Phoneticalternates of theregular suffix ([s], [z], [iz]

Change in theroot final consonant

leaf - leaves

Change in theroot vowel(gradation)

man - men

Unusual suffix

Change in the root + unusual suffix

child –children

Borrowed suffix

cactus – cacti

phenomenon-phenomena

Zero suffix

sheep - sheep

Change of rootmorpheme(suppletion)

person - people