Mission Aircrew School Chapter 14: Crew Resources Management (March 2011)
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Mission Aircrew SchoolMission Aircrew School
Chapter 14: Chapter 14: Crew Resources Crew Resources
ManagementManagement(March 2011)(March 2011)
Aircrew TasksAircrew Tasks
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
•Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM)
•Discuss failures and error chain.•Discuss situational awareness.•Discuss how to regain SA once lost.•Describe barriers to communications.
•Define/discuss task saturation.•Discuss assignments and coordination of duties.
Why CRM?Why CRM?
Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team.
An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member.
We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members.
Safety StatisticsSafety Statistics General Aviation compared to CAP / per 100,000 General Aviation compared to CAP / per 100,000
hourshours
1996 7.79 7.651997 4.16 7.171998 4.76 7.431999 2.34 6.502000 0.94 6.572001 3.57 6.782002 7.37 6.692003 4.43 6.682004 5.23 6.492005 2.77 7.202006 1.84 6.352007 3.70 6.932008 2.84 6.862009 3.57 7.202010 1.78 6.89
YearCivil Air Patrol
All rates per 100,000 hours
*NTSB 2009 - Prelim RateNTSB - Avg of past 15 years
General Aviation
The Error ChainThe Error Chain
A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap.
Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur.
It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.
Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness
Know what is going on around you… AT ALL TIMES
Requires:•Good mental health•Good physical health•Attentiveness• Inquisitiveness
Loss ofLoss ofSituational AwarenessSituational Awareness
Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Complacency Accommodation Sudden Loss of Judgement
Symptoms of Loss ofSymptoms of Loss of Situational Awareness Situational Awareness
Fixation Ambiguity Complacency Euphoria Confusion Distraction Overload
Hazardous AttitudesHazardous Attitudes
Anti-authority Impulsiveness Invulnerability Macho Resignation Get There It-us
RegainingRegaining Situational Awareness Situational Awareness
Reduce workload: Suspend the mission.
Reduce threats:•Get away from the ground and other
obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude).
•Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation.
Remember: “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
How do we get it back?How do we get it back?
Trust your gut feelings “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is
Stupid.”•Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe
and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem
Sterile Cockpit•Limit talk to the minimum
necessary for safety.•Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level
flying, approach, landing
Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication
Hearing• The biological function of receiving sounds,
converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them
Listening• Correctly identifying what the sender has
sent in their message
Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication
Distracters•PHYSICAL/MENTAL: Noise, static,
simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress
•WORDING: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology
•PERSONAL: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility
Task SaturationTask Saturation
Too much information at one time Too many tasks to accomplish in a
given time
Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA
Task SaturationTask Saturation
Keep your workload to an acceptable level
If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness
Watch your team members for signs of saturation
Identification of Identification of ResourcesResources
External and internal
Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission
Assignment of DutiesAssignment of Duties
CAPR 60-3 Flight-related –
•Aircraft commander (PIC) Mission-related –
•Mission commander (MO)
SummarySummary
Pay close attention to all briefings
Understand the “big picture”
Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers
SummarySummary
67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight.
Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain
SummarySummary
Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember
Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly
Never stop learning
SummarySummary
Don’t be afraid to ask questions Never criticize someone for asking
questions Anyone can call:
•“Time Out,” •“Abort,”•“This is Stupid”
Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crew’s input.
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