Midterm Review of Units 1 through 4. Primary function of blood is? What are the characteristics of blood plasma?

Midterm Review of Units 1 through 4

Primary function of blood is?

What are the characteristics of blood plasma?

Formed elements of blood include:• RBC (erythrocytes)– transport oxygen to all

body cells and also transport carbon dioxide away from all body cells.

• WBC (lymphocytes) – defend the body from pathogens that have invaded the tissues or bloodstream. Types of WBC and their function?

• Platelets (thrombocytes) – blood cells that initiate blood clot formation

What is anemia?• Define the types of anemia

Iron deficiency Pernicious Sickle cell Hemorrhagic Aplastic

Blood clotting• Chain reaction

Blood types• ABO• Rh factor

Mrs. Wilson is brought into the ER after a car accident. A major artery in her leg has been damaged and she had lost an undetermined amount of blood before EMTs arrived and were able to stop the bleeding. • What dangers is Mrs. Wilson facing?• How might she be treated?

Questions?

Basic structure and anatomy of the heart• In thoracic cavity• Apex• Septum – right and left sides• Atria – smaller upper chambers – receive• Ventricles – larger lower chambers – pump• 4 valves

AV valves (separate atria from ventricles) Semilunar valves (between ventricles)

Blood flow through the heart• Remember 1 way street!!!• Heart receives blood from vena cava• Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood• Pumped through the tricuspid valve into the

right ventricle • Pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve

into the pulmonary artery and eventually to the lungs for gas exchange

• Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood; passes through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta for distribution to the body

Cardiac Cycle• What happens during?• Cardiac output – dependent upon stroke

volume and the heartbeat

Blood pressure• Highest in arteries; Lowest in veins – Why?

Mrs. Haas comes to your office for her annual checkup, and you note that her blood pressure is very low. She tells you that her blood pressure has always been a bit low, and that she has been told that low pressure is actually a good thing. What should you tell her?

Questions?

Function of:• Lymphatic system?• Immune system?

Primary structures

Types of immunity• Nonspecific

General protection by skin, mucous membranes, and tears

Phagocytosis (“Pac Man”) “Innate immunity”

• Specific Aimed at specific types of pathogens Artificial or natural Active or passive

Antibodies• Help produce humoral immunity• Promote and enhance phagocytosis

Antigens• Foreign invaders

B cells • Development occurs in the bone marrow• Produces humoral immunity by secreting

antibodies into the blood

T cells• Developed from bone marrow and is completed

in the thymus.• Designed for one specific kind of antigen

When/if it comes into contact with that antigen, T cells become sensitized

• Produces cell-mediated immunity

Outline the inflammatory response.

Why is this necessary and explain its advantage in an infection?

Questions?

Functions?• Air distributor• Gas exchange• Filters/warms/humidifies the air we breathe

Structures• URT – nose, pharynx, larynx• LRT – trachea, bronchi (bronchioles and

alveoli), lungs

Internal vs. external respiration• Internal is the exchange of gases

O2 moves out of the blood thru capillary walls and into the interstitial fluid and into each cell

CO2 moves out of the cell and into the blood before being transported to the lungs for removal

• External is the series of steps that occurs which changes air pressure in the chest cavity Allows for inspiration and expiration of air into and

out of the lungs

Pulmonary ventilation• 500 mL – each normal breath; also known

as tidal volume (TV)• Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount to

breathe in and out (normal 4800 mL)• VC = TV + inspiratory reserve volume +

expiratory reserve volume• Residual volume – what’s left over

What happens when a person takes in a breath of air? Start with the moment before inspiration actually occurs and describe the path air takes and the structures through which it flows.

Questions?