Midterm Review of Units 1 through 4
Jan 06, 2018
Midterm Review of Units 1 through 4
Primary function of blood is?
What are the characteristics of blood plasma?
Formed elements of blood include:• RBC (erythrocytes)– transport oxygen to all
body cells and also transport carbon dioxide away from all body cells.
• WBC (lymphocytes) – defend the body from pathogens that have invaded the tissues or bloodstream. Types of WBC and their function?
• Platelets (thrombocytes) – blood cells that initiate blood clot formation
What is anemia?• Define the types of anemia
Iron deficiency Pernicious Sickle cell Hemorrhagic Aplastic
Blood clotting• Chain reaction
Blood types• ABO• Rh factor
Mrs. Wilson is brought into the ER after a car accident. A major artery in her leg has been damaged and she had lost an undetermined amount of blood before EMTs arrived and were able to stop the bleeding. • What dangers is Mrs. Wilson facing?• How might she be treated?
Questions?
Basic structure and anatomy of the heart• In thoracic cavity• Apex• Septum – right and left sides• Atria – smaller upper chambers – receive• Ventricles – larger lower chambers – pump• 4 valves
AV valves (separate atria from ventricles) Semilunar valves (between ventricles)
Blood flow through the heart• Remember 1 way street!!!• Heart receives blood from vena cava• Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood• Pumped through the tricuspid valve into the
right ventricle • Pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve
into the pulmonary artery and eventually to the lungs for gas exchange
• Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood; passes through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta for distribution to the body
Cardiac Cycle• What happens during?• Cardiac output – dependent upon stroke
volume and the heartbeat
Blood pressure• Highest in arteries; Lowest in veins – Why?
Mrs. Haas comes to your office for her annual checkup, and you note that her blood pressure is very low. She tells you that her blood pressure has always been a bit low, and that she has been told that low pressure is actually a good thing. What should you tell her?
Questions?
Function of:• Lymphatic system?• Immune system?
Primary structures
Types of immunity• Nonspecific
General protection by skin, mucous membranes, and tears
Phagocytosis (“Pac Man”) “Innate immunity”
• Specific Aimed at specific types of pathogens Artificial or natural Active or passive
Antibodies• Help produce humoral immunity• Promote and enhance phagocytosis
Antigens• Foreign invaders
B cells • Development occurs in the bone marrow• Produces humoral immunity by secreting
antibodies into the blood
T cells• Developed from bone marrow and is completed
in the thymus.• Designed for one specific kind of antigen
When/if it comes into contact with that antigen, T cells become sensitized
• Produces cell-mediated immunity
Outline the inflammatory response.
Why is this necessary and explain its advantage in an infection?
Questions?
Functions?• Air distributor• Gas exchange• Filters/warms/humidifies the air we breathe
Structures• URT – nose, pharynx, larynx• LRT – trachea, bronchi (bronchioles and
alveoli), lungs
Internal vs. external respiration• Internal is the exchange of gases
O2 moves out of the blood thru capillary walls and into the interstitial fluid and into each cell
CO2 moves out of the cell and into the blood before being transported to the lungs for removal
• External is the series of steps that occurs which changes air pressure in the chest cavity Allows for inspiration and expiration of air into and
out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation• 500 mL – each normal breath; also known
as tidal volume (TV)• Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount to
breathe in and out (normal 4800 mL)• VC = TV + inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume• Residual volume – what’s left over
What happens when a person takes in a breath of air? Start with the moment before inspiration actually occurs and describe the path air takes and the structures through which it flows.
Questions?