McGraw-Hill 3-1. 3 McGraw-Hill Software Tools for Productivity & Creativity.
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McGraw-Hill
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McGraw-Hill
SoftwareTools for Productivity &
Creativity
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3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
Application Software Software developed to solve a particular problem for
users Either performs useful work on a specific task Or provides entertainment
We interact mainly with this software System Software
Enables application software to interact with the computer
Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources
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3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
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3.1 System Software: The Power behind the Power
System Software has 3 basic components Operating System
--The principal component of system software Device Drivers
--Help the computer control peripheral devices Utility Programs
--Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the computer
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Operating System (OS) Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic
computer operations Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run
other programs OS allows users to concentrate on applications rather
than on complexities of the computer Each application program is written to run on top of a
particular OS Some OS functions: booting, CPU management, file
management, task management, security management
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Booting The process of loading an OS into the computer’s
main memory Booting involves four steps:
1. Turn the computer on2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other
hardware3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to
main memory BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware The computer needs those instructions to operate the
hardware and find a copy of the OS4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s
main memory
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Booting Cold boot—turn on computers “on” system Warm boot—restart a computer that is already on Boot disk—use a diskette or CD containing all files to
launch OS
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management Supervisor is the software that manages CPU
Remains in memory while the computer runs Directs other programs not in memory to perform tasks that
support application programs Memory Management
OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other
Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times
Keeps track of virtual memory
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued) Queues, Buffers, Spooling
Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed
Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting
To spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer Needed because the CPU is faster than printers. The CPU
can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
File Management A file is either a
Data File: a named collection of data
Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage
The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner
Top level is Directories (aka Folders)
Subdirectories come below Folders
Find files using their pathname. Example:
C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Task Management Computers are required to perform many different tasks at
once—to do task management Task: An operation such as storing, printing, or calculating Multitasking: Handling more than one program concurrently
Example: You do word processing while playing music on your computer
OS directs processor to alternate time on each program until processing is complete
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3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
Security Management Operating Systems permit users to control access to their
computers Users gain access using an ID and password You set the password the first time you boot up a new
computer After that, when you boot up, you’ll be prepared to type in
your user name and password
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3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers &
Utility Programs Device Drivers
Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system
When you buy a computer, many device drivers come with the system software
Device drivers also come with new hardware (on CDs/DVDs) or can be downloaded from the manufacturer’s website
Utilities Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and
allocation of computer resources Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like
Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
User Interface The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with
the computer, using keyboard or mouse
Keyboard & Mouse Special-purpose keys: used to enter, delete, edit data, and to
execute commands Function keys (F1, F2, etc.): used to execute commands
specific to the software being used Macros: keyboard shortcuts to activate series of commands Mouse pointer: moved to particular place on screen or to point
to little symbol icons
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
Mouse Handy tool for dragging
and dropping text, graphics
Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and
commands from menus Three main features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus
Desktop: The system’s main interface screen Icons: Small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or
procedures Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your
mouse over it Menus: Lists of built-in commands and/or options from which to
choose Pull-down, cascading, pull-up, pop-up
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
To start an application, pick one of 3 methods: Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the
Windows desktop, then make a selection from the pull-up menu
Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the application executable on your hard disk, and click it
Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the document you want to open, and click on it.
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
Most Operating Systems have the following: Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus
available Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing
frequently used commands Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows
screen that contains the Start button A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen
through which you can view a file of data or an application
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3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
The Help Command A command generating a
table of contents, an index, and a search feature that can and a search feature to help you locate answers
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Platform The particular processor model and operating system on
which a computer system is based Two principal systems are
Mac platforms—run Apple Macintosh PC platforms—run Microsoft Windows
Some legacy systems still used—outdated but still functional DOS (Disk Operating System) Original Microsoft OS—hard-to-use command-driven
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Mac OS OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers; is popular
for desktop publishing and in educational settings Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI Proprietary OS
System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular Mac OS X from 2000 is based on Unix Mac 10.6 is 2009 release; features include
Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk
Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets” Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks
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Common Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows Windows early versions—featured Plug & Play
95, 98, and ME Windows XP – 2001
Windows networking plus new GUI Improved stability
Windows XP Media Center Edition--2004 Media-oriented OS PC or TV to be home entertainment hub
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Common Operating Systems
Windows Vista—2007 Fancy interface, glitzier graphics, improved security Required too much computing power Hardware/software incompatibility issues
Windows 7—2009 Microsoft Surface—use hands to manipulate screen content Comes in several versions—Home premium, Professional, &
Ultimate
Any Windows represents years of legacies Critics say Windows perpetuates obsolete design Apple started over with Mac OSx in 2001
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Network operating systems Novell’s Netware
Used for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs) throughout a company or campus
Network OS usually located on a main server Windows NT & NT Server
Windows NT is now called Windows Server 2008 Designed to run on network servers in businesses of all
sizes Multiple users share resources, such as data, programs,
printers
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Network operating systems Unix, Solaris, BSD
Unix is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built-in networking capability and versions for all kinds of computers
Is particularly stable—used to run backbone of internet Used by large organizations—for airplane design, currency
trading Versions include Solaris, BSD, HP-UX, AIX Unix interface is command-line interface
GUIs available to make Unix easier to use
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Embedded Operating Systems for Handhelds Embedded OS—resides on CPU chip Specialized system that is part of larger system or machine Palm OS
Dominant OS for handhelds Developed by Palm, Inc. as OS fro Mobile devices
Windows Embedded A slimmed-down version of Windows Windows for handhelds & embedded systems
A new OS for mobile devices (smartphones) is Android, which in 2010 is just becoming available on such devices
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3.5 Common Operating Systems
Network operating systems Linux
Free, nonproprietary version of Unix Continual improvements from thousands of volunteer
programmers Linux is open-source software—anyone may make
suggested improvements May legally be downloaded and used for free May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t
copyrighted Linux vendors give away software but sell services, products In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS
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3.6 Application Software
Five legal types of application software Commercial, public domain, shareware, freeware, rentalware Commercial software—copyrighted, must get license
from owner Software license types: Site licenses allow software to be used on all computers at a
specific location Concurrent-use licenses--allow a number of copies to be used
at one time Multiple-use license--specifies number of people who may use
the software Single-use license--limits software to one user at a time
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3.6 Application Software
Five Legal Types of Application Software Commercial Software (continued)
Comes in versions (major upgrades) and releases (minor) Public-domain software
Not copyrighted – legal to copy Shareware
Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it Freeware
Copyrighted – but available for free. Rentalware
Copyrighted – lease for a fee© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3.6 Application Software
Other Software categories Pirated software
Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright Abandonware
Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher
Custom software Created by software engineers and programmers
specifically for companies or individuals
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Discussion Question: What should you do as a student if you see someone pirating software?
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3.6 Application Software
Tutorials & Documentation Tutorial: Instruction book or program that helps you learn
to use the product by taking you through a series of steps Documentation: All information that describes a product
to users, including a user guide or reference manual that provides a narrative and graphical description of the program
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3.6 Application Software
Facts about Files & about Importing & Exporting Three types of data files
Document files—created by word processing Worksheet files—created by spreadsheets Database files—created by database management
programs Exchanging files
Importing: getting data from another source and then converting it into a format compatible with the program in which you are currently working
Exporting: transforming data into a format that can be used in another program and then transmitting it
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3.6 Application Software
Types of Application Software May be classified as: entertainment, personal,
education/references, productivity, and specialized uses Productivity Software
Word processing, spreadsheets, database managers May be bundled in office suite
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3.7 Word Processing
Word Processing: uses computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text Microsoft Word best known Others: Corel WordPerfect, Apple Pages, Google Apps,
Zoho Writer Word processing allows you to delete, insert, and replace
text Additional features: creating, formatting, printing, saving
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3.7 Word Processing
Creating Documents Cursor: movable symbol to show where to enter text Scrolling: moving quickly up, down, or sideways Word wrap: automatically continues text to next line Head hierarchy: Outline View puts tags on headings
within a document to organize it Footnote numbering automatic Insert & Delete
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3.7 Word Processing
Editing Documents—Making alterations in content Inserting: adding text to documents Deleting: removing text from documents Find & Replace Find: lets you go straight to any text in your document Replace: lets you automatically replace it with something else Cut, Copy, & Paste Select the text you want to move Copy (or cut) to clipboard, then paste in new location Spelling Checker: tests for incorrectly spelled words
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3.7 Word Processing
Grammar Checker: highlights poor grammar, wordiness, incomplete sentences, and awkward phrases
Thesaurus: offers suggestions for alternative words with the same meaning
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Discussion Question: How does a spell-checker handle different spellings for the same word? Should you trust the spell-checker for
everything?
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3.7 Word Processing
Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates Formatting: determining appearance of a document A template is a preformatted “form” that provides basic
tools for structuring a final document—text, layout, page design, etc.
Every word processing program comes with standard templates (for letters, memos, etc.)
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3.7 Word Processing
Aspects of Formatting Font
The typeface, size, and color of the text you use Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold
Spacing & Columns Choose the line spacing (single- or double-spaced, or other) Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your document
Margins & Justification Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins Justify text left, right, or center
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3.7 Word Processing
Headers, footers, page numbers A header is text printed at the very top of the page A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting You can specify borders, shading, tables, and footnotes You can also import graphics, such as clip art
Default Settings These are the settings automatically used by the program
unless you change them
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Discussion Question: What is the difference between editing and formatting a document? Is one more important than the other?
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3.7 Word Processing
Output: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copies You can fax or email finished documents Previewing: gives you a look at how document will look when
printed, before you print Saving Documents
Saving: store a document as an electronic file on, e.g., hard disk or CD
Word processing allows formatting of documents in HTML Word processing allows tracking, or highlighting, of insertions
and deletions
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3.8 Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets: to create tables and financial schedules Enter data and formulas into rows and columns on screen Programs; Microsoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro, Lotus
1-2-3 Organized into columns and rows on a worksheet
Labels are descriptive text Cells are where a row and a column meet Cell address is the position of the cell Range is a group of adjacent cells Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell Cell pointer shows where data is to be entered
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3.8 Spreadsheets
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3.8 Spreadsheets
Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If Formulas are instructions for calculations
Define mathematically how one cell relates to another Example: @SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5,
A6, A7, and so forth up through cell A15 Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM() Recalculation is the process of re-computing values What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to
totals when one or more numbers change in cells Worksheet templates—custom-designed for particular work Multidimensional spreadsheets—link one to another
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3.8 Spreadsheets
Analytical Graphics: Creating Charts Spreadsheets allow you to automatically create graphs Analytical graphics: graphical forms that make numeric data
easier to analyze Examples of types of analytical graphics:
Column charts Bar charts Line graphs Pie charts Scatter charts
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Discussion Question: How may spreadsheets be helpful in your everyday life as a student?
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3.9 Database Software
Database: structured collection of interrelated files in a computer system
Database software: sets up and controls the structure of a database and access to data
Principal microcomputer databases: Microsoft Access, Corel Paradox
Benefits databases: Data redundancy is minimized Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion Data in databases has more integrity Data may include text, numbers, and graphics
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3.9 Database Software
Relational database: data organized into related tables Each table contains rows (records) & columns (fields) Key is field used to sort data
Most frequent key field is social security number Tables with the same key field are linked together
Querying and displaying records Database software offers a quick way to locate records
Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting Can save results, format them in different ways, print as
reports, copy to other documents, & transmit as email
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3.9 Database Software
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3.9 Database Software
Personal Information Managers Software that helps you keep track of & manage
information you use on a daily basis Addresses, phone numbers, appointments, to-do lists,
notes Popular examples:
Microsoft Outlook Lotus SmartSuite Organizer Contactizer Pro Yojimbo
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3.10 Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Financial Desktop Publishing Drawing & Painting Project Management Video/Audio Editing Animation Multimedia Authoring Web Page Design/Authoring Portable Document Format (PDF) Computer-Aided Design
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3.10 Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Software Uses graphics, animation, sound, data, and information to
make visual presentations Some packages: Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations Includes design and content templates
Allows presentation to be dressed up with clip art, sound clips, special visual effects, animation, and video clips
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Discussion Question: What are some of the disadvantages of using presentation graphics software?
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Sp
ecia
lty S
oft
ware
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3.10 Specialty Software
Financial Software Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level
accounting programs to business financial-management packages
Personal-finance programs include Quicken & Microsoft Money
Common features of financial software Track income & expenses Allow checkbook management Do financial reporting Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping May offer financial planning & portfolio management Tax, accounting, investment software also available
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3.10 Specialty Software
Desktop Publishing Involves mixing text & graphics to produce high-quality
output for commercial printing Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software Professional DTP programs: QuarkXPress, Adobe
InDesign Has the following features
Mix of text with graphics Offers varied type & layout styles Allows import of files from other programs Becoming a DTP professional requires training
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3.10 Specialty Software
Drawing programs Graphics software used to design & illustrate objects &
products Create vector images—created from geometrical
formulas Examples: CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator
Painting programs Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting
on-screen Produce bit-mapped or raster images (tiny dots)
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3.10 Specialty Software
Common Graphics File Formats .bmp (bit-map): used on PCs .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – format used in web
pages .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – used in high-
resolution images .tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – used on PCs & Macs for
high-resolution images to print .png (Portable Network Graphics) – used as alternative
to .gif
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3.10 Specialty Software
Video-editing software Allows import to and editing of video footage on computer Video editing packages: Adobe Premiere, Sony Pictures Digital
Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, & Ulead VideoStudio
Audio-editing software Allows import to and editing of sound files on PC Sound editing packages: Windows Sound Recorder, Sony
Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio (shareware), GoldWave, & WavePad.
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3.10 Specialty Software
Animation Software Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still
pictures, or frames Computer animation: creation of moving images by
means of computer GIF animation: first format to be widely used for web
pages Packages: GIF Construction Professional, 3D GIF
Designer, The Complete Animator
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3.10 Specialty Software
Multimedia Authoring Software Combines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in
an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applications
Content can be put on CDs/DVDs or delivered via the web
Two examples: Macromedia Director & Macromedia Authorware
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3.10 Specialty Software
Web Page Design/Authoring Software Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia
features Packages: Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Flash, Coffee
Cup Visual Site Designer, Real/Mac Rapid Weaver, etc. Packages provided by internet access providers free &
easy to use
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3.10 Specialty Software
Project Management Software A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs,
and resources required to complete a project on time Packages: Mindjet MindManager Pro 8, MindView, Intuit,
Microsoft Project, etc.
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3.10 Specialty Software
Portable Document Format (PDF) A file format developed by Adobe Systems Captures text, graphic, and formatting information from a
variety of applications on different platforms, making it possible to send documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor as they were intended to be viewed
Today, used for virtually any data that needs to be exchanged among applications and users
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3.10 Specialty Software
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Programs intended for design of products, structures,
civil engineering drawings, and maps Examples include Autodesk, AutoCAD, TurboCAD, Alibre
Design, and PowerCADD CAD programs help design buildings, cars, planes,
electronic devices, roadways, bridges, subdivisions CAD/CAM programs: allow CAD programs to be input into
computer-aided manufacturing systems that make products
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