Transcript
THE FEDERALIST ERA:DOMESTIC Issues
I. America in 1790 Growing PainsA. Population: 4 million Cities boomed but 90% rural and 95% East of Appalachian Mountains
B. U.S. was recovering from a depressionC. Challenges by Britain and Spain threatened the unity of the U.S.
FEDERALIST ERATheme 1
Led by George Washington and
Alexander Hamilton, the first
administration under the Constitution
overcame various difficulties and firmly
established the political and
economic foundations of the
new federal government.
President George Washington1789-1791
Lead by strength of character
Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009
1. Abraham Lincoln
2. Franklin Roosevelt
3. George Washington
4. Theodore Roosevelt
5. Harry Truman
6. John Kennedy
7. Thomas Jefferson
8. Dwight Eisenhower
9. Woodrow Wilson
10. Ronald Reagan
11. Lyndon Johnson
12. James Polk
13. Andrew Jackson
14. James Monroe
15. Bill Clinton
16. William McKinley
17. John Adams
18. George H.W. Bush
19. John Quincy Adams
20. James Madison
21. Grover Cleveland
22. Gerald Ford
23. Ulysses Grant
24. William Taft
25. Jimmy Carter
26. Calvin Coolidge
27. Richard Nixon
28. James Garfield
29. Zachary Taylor
30. Benjamin Harrison
31. Martin Van Buren
32. Chester Arthur
33. Rutherford Hayes
34. Herbert Hoover
35. John Tyler
36. George W. Bush
37. Millard Fillmore
38. Warren Harding
39. William Harrison
40. Franklin Pierce
41. Andrew Johnson
42. James Buchanan
THE FEDERALIST ERA:DOMESTIC Issues
President Washington's AdministrationA. Unanimously elected by Electoral College in 1789.
-- Significance of Washington's reputation
B. Washington’s Cabinet 1. Precedent: relied on department heads for advice & consulted regularly with his cabinet
1. Stars of Washington’s cabineta. Secretary of State:
Thomas Jefferson
b. Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
c. Cabinet characterized by the ongoing feud between
Jefferson and Hamiltond. Secretary of War Henry Knox
Bill of RightsA. Debate between Federalists and Anti- FederalistsB. Amendments to Constitution. How? C. Federalists feared that another constitutional convention might reverse their victory
1. Madison drafted 12 amendments
2. Modeled after George Mason’s bill of rights in Virginia
D. Bill of Rights = First ten amendments to the Constitution
1. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition
2. Right to bear arms3. No quartering of troops4. No illegal search and seizure5. Life, liberty, or property
cannot be taken without due process of law
6. Right to a fair and speedy trial in criminal cases
7. Right to a trial in civil cases8. No cruel and unusual
punishment9. Individuals have more rights
than those stated in the Constitution 10. Powers not mentioned in the
Constitution belong to the states
IV. Judiciary Act of 1789A. Organized the Supreme Court: Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 associate justicesB. Federal, district, and circuit courtsC. Attorney General
Theme 2:The cabinet debate over
Hamilton's financial plan expanded into a wider political conflict between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans -- the first political parties in America.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan revives the Corpse of Public CreditA. Economic goals (favored the wealthy)
B. Five major components:1. Funding at Par -- Purpose: Bolster national credit
2. Assumption of State Debts a. Motive: tie the states closer
to the federal government b. North-South struggle over assumption c. Compromise (logrolling):
( D.C.)
5. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
a. Organization
b. Jefferson’s views: -- "strict construction”
10th Amendment states rights issue
c. Hamilton's views: -- "loose construction”
(broad construction) -- "elastic clause“-- implied powers
("necessary & proper") d. Washington's decision
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
BE FAT!
B ank of the U.S.E xcise taxesF unding at ParA ssumption of State DebtsT ariffs
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsslyvania Whiskey Rebellion (1794)1. Protesters’ reasons (economics and “freedom”)
2. Posed a threat to the power of the federal government
The tarring and feathering of a whiskey tax collector
Birth of the Political Party System Jefferson V. Hamilton feud”A. View of Founding FathersB. Federalists (Hamiltonians)
1. Gov't by upper-classes2. Distrusted common people3. Supported strong central
gov't4. Fed. gov't should help
business; not interfere5. Nat’l debt was a blessing
6. Pro-British in foreign policy
C. Jefferson -- Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)
1. Gov't for the people 2. Appealed to middle class
and underprivileged 3. “The government that governs least
governs best” 4. National debt was a curse 5. Primarily agrarians 6. Believed in freedom of
speech 7. Pro-French in foreign policy
History of Major American Political Parties
(3rd Parties not included above)
c. 1792
c. 1816
c. 1825
1834
1854
Democratic-Republicans Federalists(Jeffersonians) (Hamiltonians)
Death of the Federalists
One-party Rule: Republicans“Era of Good Feelings”
Democratic-Republicans National Republicans(Jacksonians) (Followers of Clay)
Democrats Whigs
To Present To Present
Republicans
THEME #3The French Revolution created a severe ideological and political division over foreign policy between Federalists and Republicans. The foreign-policy crisis coincided with domestic political divisions that culminated in the bitter election of 1800, but in the end power passed peacefully from Federalists to Republicans.
FOREIGN POLICYI. French Revolution (1789)
A. Significance: Most important issue separating Federalists & RepublicansB. Most Americans were initially pleased
C. Reaction to "Reign of Terror": Jeffersonians & FederalistsD. World War: U.S. -- “Who shall we support?”
The Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, 1793 The bloody excesses of thenotorious guillotine disgusted many Americans and soured them on the promises ofthe French Revolution.
Washington’s Neutrality ProclamationA. U.S. still obligated to France under 1778 Franco-American Alliance
1. Jeffersonian view:2. Washington's view:
B. Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
1. Significance:2. Provisions:
C. American reaction 1. Jeffersonians enraged
(pro French)
2. Federalists supported it
D. Who benefited from U.S. neutrality?
Embroilments with Britain A. Indians on northwest & southwest borders were hostile to U.S. settlers
B. General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led U.S. forces to victory
1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
2. Treaty of Greenville, 1795 a. Cleared Amerindians out of 2/3 of
Ohio and Indiana ( treaty ? $$) b. Britain abandoned its posts in the Old
Northwest territory
Embroilment on the Seas A. Significance: most important cause for the official creation of the Democratic- Republican party B. Britain had been harassing U.S.
interests 1. Frontier posts 2. Attacks on shipping 3. Impressment of sailors
C. Federalists were unwilling to go to war
A U.S. sailor is impressed into service on a British naval ship
D. Jay Treaty provisions: U.S. got very little ( Jay had a “weak” hand)
1. Britain renewed pledge to remove posts from U.S. 2. Britain agreed to pay damages
to U.S. shipping 3. Britain refused future guarantees to U.S. shipping
4. U.S. agreed to pay off Revolutionary debts to British merchants
John Jay
E. Jeffersonians reacted angrilyF. War with Britain was averted
Jeffersonians burned effigies of John Jay in protest of the
Jay Treaty
IV. Pinckney Treaty of 1795 (normalized relations with Spain)
A. Spanish motive: feared an Anglo-American alliance
and sought to appease the U.S.
B. Provisions: 1. Free navigation of Mississippi River and right of deposit at New Orleans
2. Spain yielded disputed region north of Florida to the U.S.
Washington Refuses a Third TermA. Partisan politics
1. Washington was seen as a Federalist by 1796
2. He had reluctantly run for and served a second termB. Farewell Address
1. Warned against evils of political parties2. Warned against foreign
alliances
C. Washington's Legacy1. Kept U.S. out of overseas entanglements and foreign wars
-- Over 100 years of isolationism2. Hamilton’s Financial Plan3. Westward expansion:
a. New states: Vermont, Kentucky, & Tennessee
b. Treaty of Greenville
President John Adams1797-1801Federalist
Tough shoes to fill-G.W. Prickly aristocrat,Hated by Hamilton
Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009
1. Abraham Lincoln
2. Franklin Roosevelt
3. George Washington
4. Theodore Roosevelt
5. Harry Truman
6. John Kennedy
7. Thomas Jefferson
8. Dwight Eisenhower
9. Woodrow Wilson
10. Ronald Reagan
11. Lyndon Johnson
12. James Polk
13. Andrew Jackson
14. James Monroe
15. Bill Clinton
16. William McKinley
17. John Adams
18. George H.W. Bush
19. John Quincy Adams
20. James Madison
21. Grover Cleveland
22. Gerald Ford
23. Ulysses Grant
24. William Taft
25. Jimmy Carter
26. Calvin Coolidge
27. Richard Nixon
28. James Garfield
29. Zachary Taylor
30. Benjamin Harrison
31. Martin Van Buren
32. Chester Arthur
33. Rutherford Hayes
34. Herbert Hoover
35. John Tyler
36. George W. Bush
37. Millard Fillmore
38. Warren Harding
39. William Harrison
40. Franklin Pierce
41. Andrew Johnson
42. James Buchanan
Unofficial naval war with France (“Quasi-War”) (1798-1800)A. France condemned the Jay Treaty and harassed U.S. ships, seized merchant ships, insulted U.S. -- Saw it as a step towards a British-American alliance
A British political cartoon commenting on the XYZ Affair.
The XYZ Affair When President Adams’s envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business, humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. Here an innocent young America is being plundered by Frenchmen as John Bull looks on in amusement from across the English Channel.
C. War hysteria in U.S. -- “Millions for defense
but not one cent for tribute!”
D. “High Federalists”E. Undeclared
hostilities
U.S. Frigate Constellation
captures French Frigate
Insurgente, February 1799
Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party 1. French peace overtures( fearful of Britain)
2. Appointed new foreign minister: many shocked
3. Napoleon's motive: (Europe first Louisiana future Empire)
4. Convention of 18005. Significance: cancelled alliance with
France, friendly split= Louisiana Purchase:
Federalist Witch HuntA. Federalist (aristocratic) motive: silence Democratic-Republicans during the war (immigrants and working class)B. Alien Acts (1798)
1. Who were the targets?2. Provisions: a. New residency requirement (14
yrs.)
b. Deportation, by the President (expansion of Executive powers) for those who criticized the government
Sedition Act (1798)1. Provisions: ($ or jail for impeding
policies or defaming gov’t official government)
2. Violation of the 1st Amendment
3. Indictments of Jeffersonians ( set to expire in 1801)
Popular support existed initially for both the Alien and Sedition Acts
IX.The Jefferson “Revolution of 1800”
A. Federalist handicapsB. Election of 1800C. Significance:D. 12th Amendment (1804)
E. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Madison & Jefferson) Extreme States
Rights Argument 1. Premise:
Nullification 2. Compact Theory
of government 3. Short and long-term
results(Going to be used by South in civil war argument)
Federalist Versus Democratic-Republicans
A. Federalists built enduring political and financial foundations (Hamilton)
B. Diplomats kept U.S. out of war and signed advantageous treaties with Britain, France, and Spain.
C. Preserved democratic gains of Revolution; held back anarchy
D. Federalist demise result of inability to adapt to changes in US
1. Westward movement dictated fresh policies. (Hinterland
anti-federalist)
2. Unwilling to adjust and appeal to the common people.
Thomas Jefferson at Natural B ridge, by Caleb Boyle,ca. 1801 A great statesman, Jefferson wrote his own epitaph: “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, Author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.”
Lackey and weak voiced appealed to middle class, “underprivileged,” Agrarians
“traitor to his class” --?Demanded weak Central Government“necessary evil”“merchants are not specialRule by the “people”
education prior to suffrageLandless and uneducated threat to republicChampioned Freedom of press and speech
B B ig Bill of Rights
J J olly Judiciary Act
H H amilton Hamilton’s Financial Plan
F F inds French Revolution
N N ervous Neutrality Proclamation
J J efferson Jay Treaty
E E ntering Election of 1796
X X –Men’s XYZ Affair
Q Q uarters Quasi War
A A ngering Alien and Sedition Acts
W W hite Washington’s Legacy
R R epublicans Revolution of 1800
XI. ReviewA. Domestic Policy
1. Bill of Rights/ Judiciary Act2. Hamilton’s financial plan3. Jeffersonian opposition to
Hamilton4. Westward Expansion5. Alien and Sedition Acts --Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions 6. Washington’s legacies
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