LOAPUSH 10

The Federalist Era:1789-1801

AP U.S. HistoryUnit 10

THE FEDERALIST ERA:DOMESTIC Issues

I. America in 1790 Growing PainsA. Population: 4 million Cities boomed but 90% rural and 95% East of Appalachian Mountains

B. U.S. was recovering from a depressionC. Challenges by Britain and Spain threatened the unity of the U.S.

FEDERALIST ERATheme 1

Led by George Washington and

Alexander Hamilton, the first

administration under the Constitution

overcame various difficulties and firmly

established the political and

economic foundations of the

new federal government.

Washington arrives in NY to take the oath of office

President George Washington1789-1791

Lead by strength of character

Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009

1. Abraham Lincoln

2. Franklin Roosevelt

3. George Washington

4. Theodore Roosevelt

5. Harry Truman

6. John Kennedy

7. Thomas Jefferson

8. Dwight Eisenhower

9. Woodrow Wilson

10. Ronald Reagan

11. Lyndon Johnson

12. James Polk

13. Andrew Jackson

14. James Monroe

15. Bill Clinton

16. William McKinley

17. John Adams

18. George H.W. Bush

19. John Quincy Adams

20. James Madison

21. Grover Cleveland

22. Gerald Ford

23. Ulysses Grant

24. William Taft

25. Jimmy Carter

26. Calvin Coolidge

27. Richard Nixon

28. James Garfield

29. Zachary Taylor

30. Benjamin Harrison

31. Martin Van Buren

32. Chester Arthur

33. Rutherford Hayes

34. Herbert Hoover

35. John Tyler

36. George W. Bush

37. Millard Fillmore

38. Warren Harding

39. William Harrison

40. Franklin Pierce

41. Andrew Johnson

42. James Buchanan

THE FEDERALIST ERA:DOMESTIC Issues

President Washington's AdministrationA. Unanimously elected by Electoral College in 1789.

-- Significance of Washington's reputation

B. Washington’s Cabinet 1. Precedent: relied on department heads for advice & consulted regularly with his cabinet

1. Stars of Washington’s cabineta. Secretary of State:

Thomas Jefferson

b. Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

c. Cabinet characterized by the ongoing feud between

Jefferson and Hamiltond. Secretary of War Henry Knox

Bill of RightsA. Debate between Federalists and Anti- FederalistsB. Amendments to Constitution. How? C. Federalists feared that another constitutional convention might reverse their victory

1. Madison drafted 12 amendments

2. Modeled after George Mason’s bill of rights in Virginia

D. Bill of Rights = First ten amendments to the Constitution

1. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition

2. Right to bear arms3. No quartering of troops4. No illegal search and seizure5. Life, liberty, or property

cannot be taken without due process of law

6. Right to a fair and speedy trial in criminal cases

7. Right to a trial in civil cases8. No cruel and unusual

punishment9. Individuals have more rights

than those stated in the Constitution 10. Powers not mentioned in the

Constitution belong to the states

IV. Judiciary Act of 1789A. Organized the Supreme Court: Chief Justice (John Jay) and 5 associate justicesB. Federal, district, and circuit courtsC. Attorney General

Theme 2:The cabinet debate over

Hamilton's financial plan expanded into a wider political conflict between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans -- the first political parties in America.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan revives the Corpse of Public CreditA. Economic goals (favored the wealthy)

B. Five major components:1. Funding at Par -- Purpose: Bolster national credit

2. Assumption of State Debts a. Motive: tie the states closer

to the federal government b. North-South struggle over assumption c. Compromise (logrolling):

( D.C.)

3. Tariffs (customs duties) 4. Excise taxes (whiskey)

5. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank

a. Organization

b. Jefferson’s views: -- "strict construction”

10th Amendment states rights issue

c. Hamilton's views: -- "loose construction”

(broad construction) -- "elastic clause“-- implied powers

("necessary & proper") d. Washington's decision

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

BE FAT!

B ank of the U.S.E xcise taxesF unding at ParA ssumption of State DebtsT ariffs

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsslyvania Whiskey Rebellion (1794)1. Protesters’ reasons (economics and “freedom”)

2. Posed a threat to the power of the federal government

The tarring and feathering of a whiskey tax collector

Flag of the Whiskey BoysFlag of the Whiskey Boys

Washington summoned militia of several states and lead the troops (half-way)

4. Result:5. Significance:

Hamilton’s financial plan became the cornerstone of America’s financial system

Birth of the Political Party System Jefferson V. Hamilton feud”A. View of Founding FathersB. Federalists (Hamiltonians)

1. Gov't by upper-classes2. Distrusted common people3. Supported strong central

gov't4. Fed. gov't should help

business; not interfere5. Nat’l debt was a blessing

6. Pro-British in foreign policy

C. Jefferson -- Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)

1. Gov't for the people 2. Appealed to middle class

and underprivileged 3. “The government that governs least

governs best” 4. National debt was a curse 5. Primarily agrarians 6. Believed in freedom of

speech 7. Pro-French in foreign policy

History of Major American Political Parties

(3rd Parties not included above)

c. 1792

c. 1816

c. 1825

1834

1854

Democratic-Republicans Federalists(Jeffersonians) (Hamiltonians)

Death of the Federalists

One-party Rule: Republicans“Era of Good Feelings”

Democratic-Republicans National Republicans(Jacksonians) (Followers of Clay)

Democrats Whigs

To Present To Present

Republicans

THEME #3The French Revolution created a severe ideological and political division over foreign policy between Federalists and Republicans. The foreign-policy crisis coincided with domestic political divisions that culminated in the bitter election of 1800, but in the end power passed peacefully from Federalists to Republicans.

FOREIGN POLICYI. French Revolution (1789)

A. Significance: Most important issue separating Federalists & RepublicansB. Most Americans were initially pleased

C. Reaction to "Reign of Terror": Jeffersonians & FederalistsD. World War: U.S. -- “Who shall we support?”

Storming the Bastille, 1789 This event signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.

The beheading of

Louis XVI, January 21,

1793 “Reign of Terror”

The Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, 1793 The bloody excesses of thenotorious guillotine disgusted many Americans and soured them on the promises ofthe French Revolution.

Washington’s Neutrality ProclamationA. U.S. still obligated to France under 1778 Franco-American Alliance

1. Jeffersonian view:2. Washington's view:

B. Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

1. Significance:2. Provisions:

C. American reaction 1. Jeffersonians enraged

(pro French)

2. Federalists supported it

D. Who benefited from U.S. neutrality?

Embroilments with Britain A. Indians on northwest & southwest borders were hostile to U.S. settlers

B. General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led U.S. forces to victory

1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

2. Treaty of Greenville, 1795 a. Cleared Amerindians out of 2/3 of

Ohio and Indiana ( treaty ? $$) b. Britain abandoned its posts in the Old

Northwest territory

Embroilment on the Seas A. Significance: most important cause for the official creation of the Democratic- Republican party B. Britain had been harassing U.S.

interests 1. Frontier posts 2. Attacks on shipping 3. Impressment of sailors

C. Federalists were unwilling to go to war

A U.S. sailor is impressed into service on a British naval ship

D. Jay Treaty provisions: U.S. got very little ( Jay had a “weak” hand)

1. Britain renewed pledge to remove posts from U.S. 2. Britain agreed to pay damages

to U.S. shipping 3. Britain refused future guarantees to U.S. shipping

4. U.S. agreed to pay off Revolutionary debts to British merchants

John Jay

E. Jeffersonians reacted angrilyF. War with Britain was averted

Jeffersonians burned effigies of John Jay in protest of the

Jay Treaty

IV. Pinckney Treaty of 1795 (normalized relations with Spain)

A. Spanish motive: feared an Anglo-American alliance

and sought to appease the U.S.

B. Provisions: 1. Free navigation of Mississippi River and right of deposit at New Orleans

2. Spain yielded disputed region north of Florida to the U.S.

Pinckney Treaty, 1795

Disputed territory

gained by U.S.

Washington Refuses a Third TermA. Partisan politics

1. Washington was seen as a Federalist by 1796

2. He had reluctantly run for and served a second termB. Farewell Address

1. Warned against evils of political parties2. Warned against foreign

alliances

C. Washington's Legacy1. Kept U.S. out of overseas entanglements and foreign wars

-- Over 100 years of isolationism2. Hamilton’s Financial Plan3. Westward expansion:

a. New states: Vermont, Kentucky, & Tennessee

b. Treaty of Greenville

4. Cabinet 5. Went outside the

Supreme Court to select a new Chief Justice

6. Two-term tradition

John Adams becomes President

A. Adams vs. Jefferson(Bitter campaign)

B. Adams: 71 Jefferson: 66

President John Adams1797-1801Federalist

Tough shoes to fill-G.W. Prickly aristocrat,Hated by Hamilton

Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009

1. Abraham Lincoln

2. Franklin Roosevelt

3. George Washington

4. Theodore Roosevelt

5. Harry Truman

6. John Kennedy

7. Thomas Jefferson

8. Dwight Eisenhower

9. Woodrow Wilson

10. Ronald Reagan

11. Lyndon Johnson

12. James Polk

13. Andrew Jackson

14. James Monroe

15. Bill Clinton

16. William McKinley

17. John Adams

18. George H.W. Bush

19. John Quincy Adams

20. James Madison

21. Grover Cleveland

22. Gerald Ford

23. Ulysses Grant

24. William Taft

25. Jimmy Carter

26. Calvin Coolidge

27. Richard Nixon

28. James Garfield

29. Zachary Taylor

30. Benjamin Harrison

31. Martin Van Buren

32. Chester Arthur

33. Rutherford Hayes

34. Herbert Hoover

35. John Tyler

36. George W. Bush

37. Millard Fillmore

38. Warren Harding

39. William Harrison

40. Franklin Pierce

41. Andrew Johnson

42. James Buchanan

Unofficial naval war with France (“Quasi-War”) (1798-1800)A. France condemned the Jay Treaty and harassed U.S. ships, seized merchant ships, insulted U.S. -- Saw it as a step towards a British-American alliance

A British political cartoon commenting on the XYZ Affair.

The XYZ Affair When President Adams’s envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business, humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. Here an innocent young America is being plundered by Frenchmen as John Bull looks on in amusement from across the English Channel.

C. War hysteria in U.S. -- “Millions for defense

but not one cent for tribute!”

D. “High Federalists”E. Undeclared

hostilities

U.S. Frigate Constellation

captures French Frigate

Insurgente, February 1799

Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party 1. French peace overtures( fearful of Britain)

2. Appointed new foreign minister: many shocked

3. Napoleon's motive: (Europe first Louisiana future Empire)

4. Convention of 18005. Significance: cancelled alliance with

France, friendly split= Louisiana Purchase:

Federalist Witch HuntA. Federalist (aristocratic) motive: silence Democratic-Republicans during the war (immigrants and working class)B. Alien Acts (1798)

1. Who were the targets?2. Provisions: a. New residency requirement (14

yrs.)

b. Deportation, by the President (expansion of Executive powers) for those who criticized the government

Sedition Act (1798)1. Provisions: ($ or jail for impeding

policies or defaming gov’t official government)

2. Violation of the 1st Amendment

3. Indictments of Jeffersonians ( set to expire in 1801)

Popular support existed initially for both the Alien and Sedition Acts

IX.The Jefferson “Revolution of 1800”

A. Federalist handicapsB. Election of 1800C. Significance:D. 12th Amendment (1804)

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Jefferson: 73Adams: 65

E. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Madison & Jefferson) Extreme States

Rights Argument 1. Premise:

Nullification 2. Compact Theory

of government 3. Short and long-term

results(Going to be used by South in civil war argument)

Federalist Versus Democratic-Republicans

A. Federalists built enduring political and financial foundations (Hamilton)

B. Diplomats kept U.S. out of war and signed advantageous treaties with Britain, France, and Spain.

C. Preserved democratic gains of Revolution; held back anarchy

D. Federalist demise result of inability to adapt to changes in US

1. Westward movement dictated fresh policies. (Hinterland

anti-federalist)

2. Unwilling to adjust and appeal to the common people.

Thomas Jefferson at Natural B ridge, by Caleb Boyle,ca. 1801 A great statesman, Jefferson wrote his own epitaph: “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, Author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.”

Lackey and weak voiced appealed to middle class, “underprivileged,” Agrarians

“traitor to his class” --?Demanded weak Central Government“necessary evil”“merchants are not specialRule by the “people”

education prior to suffrageLandless and uneducated threat to republicChampioned Freedom of press and speech

Jefferson ( D-R) vs. Hamilton (Federalists)

MEMORY DEVICE FOR THE

FEDERALIST ERA

B B ig Bill of Rights

J J olly Judiciary Act

H H amilton Hamilton’s Financial Plan

F F inds French Revolution

N N ervous Neutrality Proclamation

J J efferson Jay Treaty

E E ntering Election of 1796

X X –Men’s XYZ Affair

Q Q uarters Quasi War

A A ngering Alien and Sedition Acts

W W hite Washington’s Legacy

R R epublicans Revolution of 1800

XI. ReviewA. Domestic Policy

1. Bill of Rights/ Judiciary Act2. Hamilton’s financial plan3. Jeffersonian opposition to

Hamilton4. Westward Expansion5. Alien and Sedition Acts --Virginia and Kentucky

Resolutions 6. Washington’s legacies

B. Foreign Policy1. French Revolution creates split

into two political partiesa. Neutrality Proclamation,

1793b. Jay Treaty, 1795

2. Pinckney Treaty, 17953. Quasi-war with France, 1798-

1800a. XYZ Affair, 1797b. Convention of 1800

C. “Revolution of 1800”