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OSTEOLOGY - MYOLOGYOSTEOLOGY - MYOLOGY
pudjo sanjotopudjo sanjotoLaboratorium Anatomi-HistologiLaboratorium Anatomi-Histologi
Fakultas KedokteranFakultas KedokteranUniversitas BrawijayaUniversitas Brawijaya
Axial skeleton :Skull 22Auditory ossicles 6Hyoid bone 1Vertebral column 26Ribs and sternum 25
---- 80Appendicular skeleton :
Upper extremity 64Lower extremity 62
---- 126-----
Total 206
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
PROTECTIVEPROTECTIVE
LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
STORAGESTORAGE
HEMATOPOESISHEMATOPOESIS
BONE COMPOSITIONBONE COMPOSITION
Water Water 50%50%
Solid substanceSolid substance 50%50%– Organic substance 31%Organic substance 31%
OsseinOssein– Inorganic substance 69%Inorganic substance 69%
Calcium Phosphate 80%Calcium Phosphate 80%
BONE STRUCTUREBONE STRUCTURE
Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantis spongiosaPars/substantis spongiosaEpiphysisEpiphysisEpiphyseal discEpiphyseal discMetaphysisMetaphysisDiaphysis (shaft)Diaphysis (shaft)Cavum medullareCavum medullare
Types of BoneTypes of Bone
Long bonesLong bones
Short bonesShort bones
Flat bonesFlat bones
Irregular bonesIrregular bones
Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones
Long bonesLong bones
Its length is greater than its widthIts length is greater than its width
Diaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal endsDiaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal ends
Act as a lever Act as a lever movementmovement
For examples :For examples :– Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia, Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia,
ossa phalanges pedis etc ossa phalanges pedis etc– Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os
metacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etcmetacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etc
Short BonesShort Bones
Approximately equal in all 3 dimentionsApproximately equal in all 3 dimentionsComposed of cancellous bone surrounded Composed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneby thin layer of compact boneAlmost completely cover with articular Almost completely cover with articular surfacesurfaceOnly in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle Only in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle (ossa tarsalia) where only limited (ossa tarsalia) where only limited movement is requiredmovement is required
Flat BonesFlat Bones
Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate of compact bone separated by minimal of compact bone separated by minimal layer of trabecular/cancellous bone layer of trabecular/cancellous bone between thembetween themForm a protective enclosure (brain, Form a protective enclosure (brain, heart, lung), heart, lung), examples :examples :– Os scapulaOs scapula– Ossa costaeOssa costae– Os sternumOs sternum– CalvariaCalvaria
Irregular BonesIrregular Bones
Have a complicated configuration and Have a complicated configuration and numerous processes.numerous processes.
For examples :For examples :– Os vertebraOs vertebra– Os sphenoideusOs sphenoideus– Os ethmoideusOs ethmoideus
Sesamoid BonesSesamoid Bones
Small bones embedded within certain Small bones embedded within certain tendons.tendons.
Largest : os patellaLargest : os patella
The most constant :The most constant :– Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis
Articulatio metacarpophalangeal IArticulatio metacarpophalangeal I– Tendo m flexor hallucis brevisTendo m flexor hallucis brevis
Articulatio metatarsophalangeal IArticulatio metatarsophalangeal I
OSTEOGENESISOSTEOGENESIS
Bones can develop in two ways :Bones can develop in two ways :
Osteogenesis intramembranaceaOsteogenesis intramembranacea
Osteogenesis endochondralisOsteogenesis endochondralis
Osteogenesis intramembranaceaOsteogenesis intramembranacea
Bone tissue develops directly from Bone tissue develops directly from mesenchymal tissuemesenchymal tissue
Only 1 type ossification centerOnly 1 type ossification center
Occurs in the flat bone of the skullOccurs in the flat bone of the skull
Osteogenesis endochondralisOsteogenesis endochondralis
Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline cartilagenous modelcartilagenous model
Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)
Diaphyse Diaphyse Primary center of ossificationPrimary center of ossification
EpiphyseEpiphyse Secondary center of Secondary center of ossificationossification
TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY
Plane– Median/midsagittalMedian/midsagittal– SagittalSagittal– CoronalCoronal– FrontalFrontal– Transversal/Transversal/
horizontalhorizontal
Direction/Position– Anterior-PosteriorAnterior-Posterior– Ventral-dorsalVentral-dorsal– Superior-InferiorSuperior-Inferior– Cranial-CaudalCranial-Caudal– Lateral-MedialLateral-Medial– Proximal-DistalProximal-Distal– Superficial-ProfundusSuperficial-Profundus– Interna-ExternaInterna-Externa
GenuGenuGenu
Extremitas inferior
Cruris
Pedis
Manus
Antebrachii
Brachii
Extremitas superior
Truncus
TYPES of MOVEMENTSTYPES of MOVEMENTS
TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT
TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT
TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT
Architecture of muscleArchitecture of muscle
StrapStrap
FusiformFusiform
Pennate :Pennate :– UnipennateUnipennate– BipennateBipennate– MultipennateMultipennate
CircularCircular
STRAP :Muscle fascicles are paralel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle and may extend for the entire length of the muscleEx : m. sartorius m. sternocleidomastoideus
RHOMBOIDRHOMBOID
mm. rhomboides. rhomboides
QUADRILATERALQUADRILATERAL
m. pronator quadratusm. pronator quadratus
FUSIFORMFUSIFORMEx : M. biceps brachii
TRIANGULAREx : m. pectoralis major
UNIPENNATEUNIPENNATE
m. extensor digitorum m. extensor digitorum longus longus
BIPENNATEBIPENNATE
m. rectus femorism. rectus femoris
MULTIPENNATEMULTIPENNATE
Pars acromialis m. deltoideusPars acromialis m. deltoideus
CIRCULARCIRCULAR
M. orbicularis oculiM. orbicularis oculi
m. orbicularis orism. orbicularis oris
SphincterSphincter
UNIVENTERUNIVENTER– Most of musclesMost of muscles
BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)– M. digastricusM. digastricus– M. omohyoideusM. omohyoideus
MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)– M. rectus abdominalisM. rectus abdominalis
How muscles are named.How muscles are named.
Tells something about :Tells something about :
ShapeShape
SizeSize
LocationLocation
Number of heads of origin Number of heads of origin
FunctionFunction
Direction of their fibersDirection of their fibers
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