Kuliah Osteologi Miologi Umum

OSTEOLOGY - MYOLOGYOSTEOLOGY - MYOLOGY

pudjo sanjotopudjo sanjotoLaboratorium Anatomi-HistologiLaboratorium Anatomi-Histologi

Fakultas KedokteranFakultas KedokteranUniversitas BrawijayaUniversitas Brawijaya

Axial skeleton :Skull 22Auditory ossicles 6Hyoid bone 1Vertebral column 26Ribs and sternum 25

---- 80Appendicular skeleton :

Upper extremity 64Lower extremity 62

---- 126-----

Total 206

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

PROTECTIVEPROTECTIVE

LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -LEVER – MUSCLE ATTACHMENT -MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

STORAGESTORAGE

HEMATOPOESISHEMATOPOESIS

BONE COMPOSITIONBONE COMPOSITION

Water Water 50%50%

Solid substanceSolid substance 50%50%– Organic substance 31%Organic substance 31%

OsseinOssein– Inorganic substance 69%Inorganic substance 69%

Calcium Phosphate 80%Calcium Phosphate 80%

BONE STRUCTUREBONE STRUCTURE

Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantia compacta Pars/substantis spongiosaPars/substantis spongiosaEpiphysisEpiphysisEpiphyseal discEpiphyseal discMetaphysisMetaphysisDiaphysis (shaft)Diaphysis (shaft)Cavum medullareCavum medullare

Types of BoneTypes of Bone

Long bonesLong bones

Short bonesShort bones

Flat bonesFlat bones

Irregular bonesIrregular bones

Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones

Long bonesLong bones

Its length is greater than its widthIts length is greater than its width

Diaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal endsDiaphysis – 2 Epiphyseal ends

Act as a lever Act as a lever movementmovement

For examples :For examples :– Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia, Os femur, os fibula, os tibia, os metatarsalia,

ossa phalanges pedis etc ossa phalanges pedis etc– Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os Os humerus, os radius, os ulna, os

metacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etcmetacarpalia, ossa phalanges manus etc

Short BonesShort Bones

Approximately equal in all 3 dimentionsApproximately equal in all 3 dimentionsComposed of cancellous bone surrounded Composed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneby thin layer of compact boneAlmost completely cover with articular Almost completely cover with articular surfacesurfaceOnly in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle Only in wrist (ossa carpalia) and ankle (ossa tarsalia) where only limited (ossa tarsalia) where only limited movement is requiredmovement is required

Flat BonesFlat Bones

Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate Formed by 2 thin inner and outer plate of compact bone separated by minimal of compact bone separated by minimal layer of trabecular/cancellous bone layer of trabecular/cancellous bone between thembetween themForm a protective enclosure (brain, Form a protective enclosure (brain, heart, lung), heart, lung), examples :examples :– Os scapulaOs scapula– Ossa costaeOssa costae– Os sternumOs sternum– CalvariaCalvaria

Irregular BonesIrregular Bones

Have a complicated configuration and Have a complicated configuration and numerous processes.numerous processes.

For examples :For examples :– Os vertebraOs vertebra– Os sphenoideusOs sphenoideus– Os ethmoideusOs ethmoideus

Sesamoid BonesSesamoid Bones

Small bones embedded within certain Small bones embedded within certain tendons.tendons.

Largest : os patellaLargest : os patella

The most constant :The most constant :– Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis Tendo m. flexor pollicis brevis

Articulatio metacarpophalangeal IArticulatio metacarpophalangeal I– Tendo m flexor hallucis brevisTendo m flexor hallucis brevis

Articulatio metatarsophalangeal IArticulatio metatarsophalangeal I

OSTEOGENESISOSTEOGENESIS

Bones can develop in two ways :Bones can develop in two ways :

Osteogenesis intramembranaceaOsteogenesis intramembranacea

Osteogenesis endochondralisOsteogenesis endochondralis

Osteogenesis intramembranaceaOsteogenesis intramembranacea

Bone tissue develops directly from Bone tissue develops directly from mesenchymal tissuemesenchymal tissue

Only 1 type ossification centerOnly 1 type ossification center

Occurs in the flat bone of the skullOccurs in the flat bone of the skull

Osteogenesis endochondralisOsteogenesis endochondralis

Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline Bone tissue develop by replacing hyaline cartilagenous modelcartilagenous model

Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)Occurs in the long bones (of limbs)

Diaphyse Diaphyse Primary center of ossificationPrimary center of ossification

EpiphyseEpiphyse Secondary center of Secondary center of ossificationossification

TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

Plane– Median/midsagittalMedian/midsagittal– SagittalSagittal– CoronalCoronal– FrontalFrontal– Transversal/Transversal/

horizontalhorizontal

Direction/Position– Anterior-PosteriorAnterior-Posterior– Ventral-dorsalVentral-dorsal– Superior-InferiorSuperior-Inferior– Cranial-CaudalCranial-Caudal– Lateral-MedialLateral-Medial– Proximal-DistalProximal-Distal– Superficial-ProfundusSuperficial-Profundus– Interna-ExternaInterna-Externa

GenuGenuGenu

Extremitas inferior

Cruris

Pedis

Manus

Antebrachii

Brachii

Extremitas superior

Truncus

TYPES of MOVEMENTSTYPES of MOVEMENTS

TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT

TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT

TYPES of MOVEMENTTYPES of MOVEMENT

Architecture of muscleArchitecture of muscle

StrapStrap

FusiformFusiform

Pennate :Pennate :– UnipennateUnipennate– BipennateBipennate– MultipennateMultipennate

CircularCircular

STRAP :Muscle fascicles are paralel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle and may extend for the entire length of the muscleEx : m. sartorius m. sternocleidomastoideus

RHOMBOIDRHOMBOID

mm. rhomboides. rhomboides

QUADRILATERALQUADRILATERAL

m. pronator quadratusm. pronator quadratus

FUSIFORMFUSIFORMEx : M. biceps brachii

TRIANGULAREx : m. pectoralis major

UNIPENNATEUNIPENNATE

m. extensor digitorum m. extensor digitorum longus longus

BIPENNATEBIPENNATE

m. rectus femorism. rectus femoris

MULTIPENNATEMULTIPENNATE

Pars acromialis m. deltoideusPars acromialis m. deltoideus

CIRCULARCIRCULAR

M. orbicularis oculiM. orbicularis oculi

m. orbicularis orism. orbicularis oris

SphincterSphincter

UNIVENTERUNIVENTER– Most of musclesMost of muscles

BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)BIVENTER (TWO-BELLIED)– M. digastricusM. digastricus– M. omohyoideusM. omohyoideus

MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)MULTIVENTER (INTERSECTED)– M. rectus abdominalisM. rectus abdominalis

How muscles are named.How muscles are named.

Tells something about :Tells something about :

ShapeShape

SizeSize

LocationLocation

Number of heads of origin Number of heads of origin

FunctionFunction

Direction of their fibersDirection of their fibers