KINGDOM MONERA. 100,000++ spp M. Paine Your body-1000 billion animal cells 10,000 billion bacteria cells.

KINGDOM MONERA

100,000++ spp

M. PaineYour body-1000 billion animal cells

10,000 billion bacteria cells

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Bacterial Cell Structure

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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

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Thousand times bigger than a virus

Unicellular [living] Cell is simpler than other living organisms Can carry out all the functions of living organisms

STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

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Rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides and amino acids [protection]

Plasma membrane Serves as a

mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and sometimes a chloroplast

Controls entry and exit of substances

STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

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Prokaryotes Do not have a true nucleus No nuclear membrane DNA is combined with histone ( a

protein) as in eukaryotes

Single chromosome consists of a closed loop

Many have a waxy capsule for protection Especially disease causing bacteria

Some have flagella for locomotion

STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELLChromosome

Pilus (fimbria)

Ribosome

Storage granule

FlagellumCapsule or Slime layer

Cell Wall

Plasma Membrane

CytoplasmPlasmid

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SHAPES OF BACTERIA

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Spherical : cocci

Rod shaped: bacilli

Spiral shaped: spiralla

Comma shaped: vibrios

MAKE NOTE

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Shapes of Bacteria

Coccus Chain = Streptoccus Cluster = Staphylococcus

Bacillus Chain = Streptobacillus

Coccobacillus Vibrio = curved Spirillum Spirochete Square Star

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A BACTERIAL DISEASE

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TUBERCULOSIS

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CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION AFFECTS ALL ORGANS OF THE BODY MAINLY THE LUNGS

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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CAUSED BY: TB bacillus Covered with a waxy coat

Protection from drying out Heat Bodies immune system

Can remain alive for a long time

Can survive in dust particles

CHARACTERISTICS

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Bacteria are the oldest and most abundant organisms living on the Earth.

Thrive in a variety of environments Bacteria are mostly useful but can

cause diseases Can only be seen under a microscope Thousand times bigger than a virus Occur in diverse shapes and types

MORE CHARACTERISTICS

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The DNA of bacteria is made of a single chromosome.

In favourable conditions bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission

In unfavourable conditions (high temperatures, dryness) bacteria form spores with a thick protective coat

SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement :

Micron or micrometer,μm: 1μm = 10 -3 mm Size:

Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment.

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Cocci: sphere, 1μm Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width

BINARY FISSION

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FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS Rapid [once every 20 minutes] Split into two [binary fission] DNA duplicates itself Cytoplasm is divided by the cell wall growing

inwards Each of the new cells contains the same genetic

information as the parent cell Ideal conditions = warmth, moisture, food,

oxygen, lack of toxins and correct pH

Binary Fission

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Rapid Generation Times

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1cell to 2 million cells in 7 hours!

Only a build up of waste or depletion of food will stop growth

REPRODUCTION UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS

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From a thick protective coat around themselves = spore

Bacterium becomes dormant inside the spore Can withstand unfavourable conditions e.g.

dryness, high temperatures Spore splits open when conditions become

better to release the bacterium Followed by normal rapid binary fission

HOW SERIOUS

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1993 world health organisation proclaimed the tuberculosis pandemic was a global emergency

Pandemic = global epidemic with the possibility of all people benig affected

2002 highest mortality rate was in africa

HOW IS TB SPREAD

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Spread in moisture droplets From an infected to an uninfected person TB bacillis is spread through the air when an

infected people cough, sneeze, talk or spit Uninfected person breathes in the moisture

droplets containing the bacillus Bacilli multiply in their air sacs

AFTER INFECTION

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STRONG IMMUNE SYSTEM Infection is contained walled off in a fibrous

capsule Lie dormant for years No symptoms

WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM Bacilli multiply Individual gets ill with pulmonary TB

EFFECTS OF TB [SYMPTOMS]

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Individual does not feel well Persistent cough [coughing up blood] Weight loss Fevers Night sweats Tired and weak

• Patient could lose earnings while ill• Stigma attached to this disease• Untreated it is easily spread

MANAGEMENT BY PERSON

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TB can be cured Treated with an aggressive antibiotic regime called

DOTS Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course Patients are carefully monitored to make sure that

they take their full course of antibiotics Watched as they swallow the tablets! Lasts for six months They will not be able to infect others within days of

starting treatment

MANAGEMENT OF TB BY SOCIETY

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PREVENT THE SPREAD OF TB Screen people at risk Treat infected patients quickly Solve overcrowding and malnutrition

SUPPLY GOOD QUALITY INFORMATION Eg healthy diets + ways to decrease spreading TB

PROVIDE WELL EDUCTAED HEALTH CARE WORKERS Persuade patients to take drugs

IMMUNISATION AGAINST TB BCG vaccine given soon after birth

PROBLEM:MUTI- DRUG RESISTANT TB

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Many patients stop taking the medication once they start feeling better

TB bacillus then develops resistance to the drugs the next time they are ill with TB and on treatment again

Called multi- drug resistant TB

PREVENTION

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Most children are immunised against TB soon after birth with the BCG vaccine

Repeated once or twice before going to school Poverty and the underlying social problems of

overcrowding and malnutrition need to be addressed:

Overcrowding increases the chance of the TB bacillus spreading

Malnutrition weakens the immune system

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV AND TB

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HIV weakens the immune system HIV positive people infected with TB are very

likely to become sick TB is the leading cause of death among

people who are HIV-positive

IN AFRICA, HIV IS THE MAIN REASON WHY THE INCIDENCE OF TB HAS INCREASED OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS

Good Bacteria

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Food production (cheeses , yogurt , alcohol , etc)

Making medicines (insulin) Recycling

Bad Bacteria

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Are pathogenic (cause disease) Most are parasitic which cause infections. Antibiotics are used to treat these infections.

An antibiotic is a chemical agent produced by one organism that is harmful to another organism.

One of the most popular antibiotics is Penicillin which comes from a fungus. It destroys the bacteria’s cell wall & therefore causes the cell membrane to break up due to the hypotonic environment.

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THE END

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