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Basic ComputerFundamentals
VENU GOPALMCA,M.TECH
LECTURER
SHINAS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
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Basic ComputerFundamentals
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What Is a Computer?
A computer is a electronic machine which
takes input ,processes and gives output
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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MONITOR
KEYBOARD
Mouse
CPUCD-ROM Drive
FloppyDisk
Drive
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INPUT DEVICES
KEY BOARD
MOUSE
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K EY
B O
S
AR
D
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OUTPUT DEVICES
MONITER
PRINTER
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PRINTERS
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PROCESSING UNIT
MOTHER BOARD
PROCESSOR
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Motherboard
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CHIPS
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PROCESSOR
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DATA FORMATS
1.TEXT2.PICTURES
3.NUMBERS
4.AUDIO
5.VEDIO
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1.TEXT
What we type from keyboard which hasonly letters from A- Z and a-z.
Example:
Shinas,college,student etc..
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2.PICTURES
What we see images on monitorExample:
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3.NUMBERS
What we type from keyboard which hasonly digits from 0- 9 and combination ofit.
Example:9689123456,1000,15000 etc
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4.AUDIO
The voice format of Data
Example:
Telephone Communication.
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5.video
The picture & voice format of Data
Example:
video Chat,TV.
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PROCESSOR(CPU)
CPU - abbreviation of central processing
unit, the CPU is the brain of the computer.
Sometimes referred to simply as theprocessoror central processor,the CPU
is where most calculations take place. In
terms of computing power.the speed ofcpu is measured in Megahertz(MHz) or
gigahertz(GHz)
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Hardware
A computer consists of several basic
parts, or components that work
together. These physical componentsof computer is referred as hardware
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MEMORY
It is device in which information can beinserted and stored ,and from which it may
be retrieved when necessary
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TYPES OF MEMORY
1.Primary memory
2.Secondary memory
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PRIMARY MEMORY
A) RAM(Random Access Memory):
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Software
Software exis ts as ideas, concepts,
and sym bols, but i t has no sub stance.
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Books provide a useful
analogy. The pages and the
ink are the hardware, whilethe words, sentences,
paragraphs, and the overall
meaning are the software. A
computer without softwareis like a book full of blank
pages -- you need software
to make the computeruseful just as you need
words to make a book
meaningful.
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Computers Use Random
Access Technology - DataCan Be Accessed in Any
Order at Any Time
Regardless of StoragePosition or Time of Creation.
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The Language of Computers
Binary: the digital language of computers.
This language is composed of an
alphabet containing only 2 letters knownas bits. Any work done on a modern
computer from word processing to digital
audio is translated to this language.
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Digital Letters and Words
Bit: the smallest form of information in thelanguage of computers. It is represented asa zero or a one. A bit can be considered aletter in the digital language of binary.
Byte: a word of information in binary. It is
made of a number bits determined by the bitrate. 8 bits is usually = 1 byte on moderncomputers.
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Bit Rate
Bit rate: the number of letters or bits in
a digital word or byte. An example of a 16
bit digital word in binary could be(01010101 10101010).
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Example
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (210)
1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (220)
1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (230)
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PROCESSOR(CPU)
CPU - abbreviation of central processing
unit, the CPU is the brain of the computer.
Sometimes referred to simply as theprocessoror central processor,the CPU
is where most calculations take place. In
terms of computing power.the speed of
cpu is measured in Megahertz(MHz) or
gigahertz(GHz)
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Clock Speed
Clock speed - also called clock rate,the
speed at which a microprocessor executesinstructions. Every computer contains an
internal clock that regulates the rate at which
instructions are executed and synchronizes
all the various computer components. Thefaster the clock, the more instructions the
CPU can execute per second.
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Bus
A bus is a collection of wires through which datais transmitted from one part of a computer toanother. You can think of a bus as a highway
on which data travels within a computer. Thereare various types of busses, both internal andexternal, that connect the hardware, inside andoutside, the computer.
Like the CPU, busses have a clock speed. Afast bus allows data to be transferred faster,which makes applications run faster.
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HARD DISK (Storage Device)
The hard disk is a magnetic disk on whichyou can store computer data. The termhardis used to distinguish it from a soft,or floppy,disk. Hard disks hold more dataand are faster than floppy disks. A harddisk, for example, can store anywhere
from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes,whereas most floppies have a maximumstorage capacity of 1.4 megabytes.
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RAM Vs. ROM (Memory)
Is an acronym for random access
memory, a type of computer memory that
can be accessed randomly; That is, anybyte of memory can be accessed without
touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the
most common type of memory found in
computers and other devices, such as
printers.
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RAM Vs. Rom
In common usage, the term RAMissynonymous with main memory, the memoryavailable to programs. For example, a computer
with 300M RAM has approximately 2400 millionbytes of memory that programs can use. Incontrast, ROM (read-only memory)refers tospecial memory used to store programs that
boot the computer and perform diagnostics. Infact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM)allow random access. To be precise, therefore,RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM
and ROM as read-onlyRAM.
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Important Software
The operating system software is the
most important program that runs on a
computer. Every general-purposecomputer must have an operating system
to run other programs.
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Peripherals
Operating systems perform basic tasks,
such as recognizing input from the
keyboard, sending output to the displayscreen, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, and controlling
peripheral devices.
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Applications
Operating systems provide a software
platform on top of which other programs,
called applicationprograms,can run. Theapplication programs must be written to
run on top of a particular operating
system. Your choice of operating system,
therefore, determines to a great extent the
applications you can run.
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Connectivity
USB
Short for universal serial bus,is an
external bus standard that supportsdata transfer rates of 12 mbps
(megabits per second). A single USB
port can be used to connect up to 127
peripheral devices, such as mice,
modems, and keyboards.
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Plug and Play
USB also supports Plug-and-Playinstallationand hot plugging. Also referred to as Hi-SpeedUSB, USB 2.0 is an external bus that supports
data rates up to 480 Mbps. USB 2.0 is anextension of USB 1.1. USB 2.0 is fullycompatible with USB 1.1 and uses the samecables and connectors. (Two of the contacts
carry data one for each direction; the othertwo supply 5 VDC and a ground. Standard MIDIcables carry information in only one direction ona single data wire.)
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A very fast external bus standard that supports
data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a)
and 800Mbps (in 1394b). Products supportingthe 1394 standard go under different names,
depending on the company. Apple, which
originally developed the technology, uses the
trademarked nameFireWire. Other companies
use other names, such as i.linkand Lynx,to
describe their 1394 products.
FIREWIRE
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More Fire
A single 1394 port can be used to connect up
63 external devices. In addition to its high
speed, 1394 also supports isochronousdata--
delivering data at a guaranteed rate. This
makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer
high levels of data in real-time, such as video
devices. Like USB, 1394 supports both plug-and-play and hot plugging, and also provides
power to peripheral devices.
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Even More
Like USB, FireWire lets you hook things up to acomputer. Unlike USB, however, FireWire willrun quite happily without a computer. That
makes it ideal for situations in which a computerwould be unnecessary, such as in permanentaudio installations like theaters or churches. Italso gives FireWire another advantage,
because devices can talk directly to each otherwithout having to go through a computer'soperating system.
Th M L b C t A d
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The Mac Lab: Computer And
Peripherals
Digidesign Mbox
Korg X5D
Iomega 250 Mb zip drive
Midi to USB interface
USB hub
Keyboard / mouse
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Digidesign Mbox
USB digital interface for ProTools
software allows:
Analog to digital conversion by way ofmicrophone, line and instrument inputs
Digital to analog conversion to headphone
and line outputs
Digital transmission by way of SPDIF
(Sony Phillips digital interface) input/output
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Korg X5D
Digital synthesizer
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Iomega 250 Mb Zip Drive
External Storage Device
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Midi to USB Interface
Converts midi messages to USB
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USB Hub
Provides multiple ports
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Keyboard / Mouse
USB data entry devices
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THE MAC LAB SET UP
COLOR CODE for diagram:
BLUEUSB
GREENMIDI
REDAUDIO
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USB
AUDIOMIDI
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