Introduction. The Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did cross-cultural contacts play in their developments? What.

Introduction

The Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did cross-cultural contacts play in

their developments? What was the nature of the relationship

between these permanent settlements and nonagricultural peoples living elsewhere in the world?

What brought the demise of these early civilizations, and what legacy did they leave for their successors in the region?

Early Humans and Early Humans and the First the First

CivilizationsCivilizations

Chapter 1Chapter 1

I. The First Humans A. The Emergence of Homo sapiens Hominids Australo Pithecines Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Neanderthals Homo Sapiens Sapiens Out of Africa/Multiregional Theory

p3

Figure 1-1 p4

Paleolithic – “Old Stone”2,500,00 – 10,000 B.C.E.

B. The Hunter‑Gatherers Seasonal Rounds Horticulture 20-30/band

Stone tools Fire – 50,000 yrs. ago Social Advancement

Cooperation Communalism Gender equality

p5

C. The Neolithic Revolution, c. “New Stone” 10,000‑4000 B.C.E.

Agricultural Revolution The systematic growing of foods developed

independently throughout the world. New type of polished stone axes Shift to agriculture Domestication of animals – meat milk and fibers Seasonal patterns shifted to sedentary living for

some groups of people This led to a increase in the population

Mesolithic – Middle Stone age10,000 – 7,000 B.C.E.

Transition from food gathering society and economic system

To systematic agricultural society and economic system based on surplus

Figure 1-2 p6

Agricultural Revolutions8,000 – 5,000 B.C.E.

Neolithic Farming Villages Europe, India, Egypt, China and

Mesoamerica Jericho – in Canaan near the dead sea

8000BCE, expanded by 7000BCE Walls several feet thick Houses of sun dried brick

Catal Huyuk

Catal Huyuk in modern Turkey was larger, 32 acres, 6000 people by 6700-5700o Fruits, nuts, wheat, cattleo Artisanso Figures of gods and goddesseso Female statuettes

Statue from Ain Ghazal in Jordan, 6500 B.C.E.

p7

Women in modern Algeria harvesting grain, 4 B.C.E.

Consequences of Neolithic Revolution

Development o of trade Specialization of crafts Division o f labor Pottery & Baskets New tools Gender divisions of labor Practice of patriarchy- society dominated by

men

Bronze Age3,000 – 1200 B.C.E.

4000-3000 technical development began to transform Neolithic towns Copper works after 4000 Copper and tin = bronze 3000

Bronze Eventually replaced by iron Walled cities and armies developed to

protect new communities

II. The Emergence of Civilization

A. Early Civilizations Around the World

Civilization Civilization – complex culture in which

large numbers of people share a variety of common elements

An urban focus New political and military structures New social structure based on economic power The development of more complexity in a

material sense Distinct religious structure Development of writing New significant artistic and intellectual activity

Figure 1-3 p10

Figure 1-4 p17

p9

p9

p9

p9

Figure 1-3 p10

City States of Mesopotamia

III. Civilization in MesopotamiaSumerian Cities

Sumerian Cities Surrounded by walls. Mud brick structures

Ziggurat – the temple

Excavation of Warka showing the ruins of Uruk

Kingship

King believed to be of divine origin Theocracy – priests and priestesses had

an important role in governance, gods ruled cities actual ruling power rested with the king

p11

Royal Standard of Ur, 2700 B.C.E.

Military society ruled by a king

Economy

Agriculture Commerce and industry (woolen textiles,

pottery, metal work) Imported copper, tin and timber Utilized the wheel that had been invented

by nomads in 3000BCE

Society Four Tiered Hierarchy

Elites Dependent commoners

elites clients who worked for the palace and temple estates

Free commoners farmers 90% OF POP, merchants, scribes,

craftspeople Slaves

belonged to palace officials, mostly female slaves to weave cloth and grind grain and to rich landowners who used them for agricultural and domestic work

III. Empires in Mesopotamia

Sargon’s Empire (2340BCE – 2100BCE) 2340BCE Sargon, leader of the Semitic

people He used former rulers as governors Power was a standing army of 5,400 men He expanded the empire to include all of

Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean

III. Empires in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi’s Empire (1792- 1750 B.C.E.) Employed an army of foot soldiers (axes, spears, copper or

bronze daggers) Divided and subdued opponents Gained control of Sumer and Akkad creating a new

Mesopotamia Called himself sun of Babylon, the king who has made the four

quarters of the world subservient new capital at Babylon

p12

III. Empires in Mesopotamia

The Code of Hammurabi: Society in Mesopotamia (Discussion)

What does the code reveal about culture and society? PP 18-19 of text Do the codes evidence a “system of strict

justice” or represent a code that is written in the principle of “an eye for an eye” or system of equal punishment?

What type of justice system is it?

p14

Stele of Hammurabi

Depicts Kings Divinity

Records the code

III. Culture of Mesopotamia The Importance of Religion

Understanding of physical environment Polytheistic

An – God of Sky Enlil- God of wind Enki – God of earth, rivers, wells and canals and

inventions of crafts Ninhursaga – goddess of soil, mountains,

vegetation Mother goddess, mother of all children Gave birth to kings

divination

p15

III. Writing & Sciences

Cuneiform “wedge-shaped” Oldest texts 3000 B.C.E. Writing as a form of communication and

knowledge transference is only 5,000 years old

Math, Geometry, Astronomy, 12 month Calendar

Table 1-1 p12

Cuneiform

Developed for record keeping Scribal education established to produce

professionally trained elite scribes Temples, palaces, military, government

p15

Development of Cuneiform3100 – 700 B.C.E

The sign for star came to mean “god” or “Sky”

Figure 1-4 p17

IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”

IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”

A. The Impact of Geography The Nile- gentle and predicable Black land – fertile soil Red land – deserts to the west and east Lower Egypt – delta region Upper Egypt – upstream and to the south Protected from invasion Prosperous agricultural economy Development of trade

Old, Middle & New Kingdoms

Periods of Long term stability Strong Monarchical authority Competent Bureaucracy Freedom from invasion Construction of temples and pyramids Intellectual and cultural activity

Intermediate Periods

Period between the three Kingdoms Weak political structures Rivalry for leadership Invasions Decline in construction Restructuring of society

First Dynasty of Egypt3100 BCE

King Menes United Upper and Lower Egypt Double Crown Created to represent

unification

p23

Old Kingdom

3-6th Dynasties, 2686 – 2180 BCE Capital at Memphis Kingship: the Pharaoh – divine origin Kings Family - administrative Ruled according to principle of Ma’at

Conveyed ideas of truth and justice, right order and harmony

Development of 4th Dynasty Bureaucracy Office of Vizier “Steward of the whole

Land” Responsible to the King

Nomes & Nomarchs Egypt divided into provinces 22 – Upper Egypt 20- - Lower Egypt Nomarch – or governor administrated and

was responsible to the King and Vizier

Middle Kingdom2055 – 1650 BCE

Nomes restructured with boundaries and obligations to state clarified

Nomarchs became hereditary officeholders Collected state taxes Recruited labor for royal projects

New concern of Pharaohs for the people

p19

King Menkaure & Queen

Invasion my Hyksos of W. Asia ended the Middle Kingdom by 1650 BCE

Hyksos prevailed with horse-drawn Chariots

Ruled for 100 years

IV. D. Culture of Egypt

Four Tiered Hierarchy God-King Nobles & Priests Merchants & Artisans

Extensive trade & international travel

Commoners or farmers Paid taxes Military & labor service

IV. D. Culture of Egypt

Polytheistic Sun God – Atum, Re Air God – Amon River and land god and goddess – Osiris

and Isis, born Horus Osiris – symbol of resurrection and birth

Culture of Egypt - Construction

Complexes or cities of the dead Incorporated Pyramids

Larger for kings burial, smaller or family

Mastabas Rectangular structures with flat roofs, tombs for

noble officials

Tombs Rooms furnished and stocked so the Ka or

spiritual body could return to a well preserved physical body (mummification)

Culture of Egypt – Art and Writing

Hieroglyphics – “priest carvings” or “sacred Writings” Pictographic like Cuneiform

Developed to record and transmit knowledge Medical books, literature, record keeping

Children taken to educate as scribes for royalty and government Opportunity to rise in social status

p15

Pictographic writing of Egypt

IV. E. Egyptian Empire

18th Dynasty Pharoahs used new weapons to throw off

Hyksos and reunite Egypt New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BCE

Most powerful state in the Middle East Massive wealth displayed by new temples

Queen Hatshepsut 1503-1480BCE

First women to become Pharaoh Built the great temple Deir el Bahri near

Thebes Sent out military expeditions Encouraged mining Fostered agriculture Sponsored trade expeditions

p23

Kingdom of Nubia

Akhenaten & Religious Change 18th C Amenhotep (1364-1347 BCE)

introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk (Monotheistic Religion)

Changed his name to Akhenaten – Servant of Aten Closed temples of other gods Lessened power of Amon-Re and the

priesthood at Thebes Replaced the Capital of Thebes with

Akhetaten “Horizon of Aten” in modern Tell el-Amarna

IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”

F. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage Monogamy Harems for Kings Women high status

Maintained property and inheritance Could seek divorce with compensation Adultery punished

Decline of Egyptian Empire 19th Dynasty under Ramses II (1279 – 1213

BCE) restored Egyptian power Regained Canaan

13th Century invasions by “sea peoples” drove borders to original frontiers

20th Dynasty in 1070 for 1000 years Libyans Nubians/Kushites Persians Macedonians Rome