Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships · Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships. Soil

Henry LinDept. of Crop and Soil Sciences

The Pennsylvania State University

Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships

Integrated Studies of Integrated Studies of LandscapeLandscape--SoilSoil--WaterWater RelationshipsRelationships

SoilMoisture

SoilStructure

OutlinesOutlines

Land Use Impacts on Soil Properties

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies- Forest Catchment- Agronomy Farm- Wastewater Spray Irrigation

Online Advanced Spatial Info System

To develop a set of models (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties (such as infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity, available water holding capacity, and others) based on land use, soil morphology, soil structure, and other available soil survey data.

Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties as a Function of Soil Morphology,

Soil Structure, and Land Use

Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties Modeling Soil Hydraulic Properties as a Function of Soil Morphology, as a Function of Soil Morphology,

Soil Structure, and Land UseSoil Structure, and Land Use

Pasture(2)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or …

Cropland(3)

Dynamic Properties(Use-dependent)

Inherent Properties(Use-invariant)

Land Use/Management Options

Urban(4)

Surface Soil

Subsoil

Forest(1) …

Genoform Phenoform

ControlSection

Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

Four soil series, each under four different land uses (woodland, pasture, cropland, urban):

- Two series (Glenelg and Joanna series, both Typic Hapludults) are located in Chester County, PA, representing the Northern Piedmont MLRA 148;

- Two series (Hagerstown series, a Typic Hapludalf, and Morrison series, an Ultic Hapludalf) are located in Centre County, PA, representing the Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys MLRA 147.

1. Water Reservoir2. Bubbling Tower3. Tension Setting Tube4. Differential Pressure Transducer5. Infiltration Disc (20-cm Diameter)6. Datalogger Linked to a Computer7. Data Cable8. Valve9. Rubber Stopper10. Connecting Tube 1

Tension infiltrometers have been used for in situ infiltration measurements at each of the 16 sites. Apparent steady-state infiltration rates at the surface (A horizon) and subsurface (B and C horizons) were measured using a set of 4-5 tension infiltrometers simultaneously. Six different water supply tensions (12, 6, 3, 2, 1, and 0 cm) were used sequentially in each of the infiltrometers to enable the assessment of different soil pore sizes in influencing infiltration and the resulting soil hydraulic conductivities.

Highly compacted urban soil

Adjacent cropland soil of same series

y = -3.180Ln(x) + 2.304R2 = 0.2225

y = -3.856Ln(x) + 2.158R2 = 0.2366

y = -0.659Ln(x) + 0.375R2 = 0.2104

y = -2.004Ln(x) + 0.733R2 = 0.8425

0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70Bulk Density (g/cm^3)

Glenelg Joanna

Hagerstown Morrison

y = -0.074Ln(x) + 0.033R2 = 0.177

y = -0.019Ln(x) + 0.01R2 = 0.0513

y = -1.347Ln(x) + 0.854R2 = 0.9992

y = -2.16Ln(x) + 0.824R2 = 1

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50Bulk Density (g/cm^3)

)Cropland Urban

Pasture Woodland

Saturated hydraulic conductivity vs. bulk density for the four land uses in the Glenelg.

Glenelg Woodland04-PA029-003

Surface (A)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.326Structure: Medium, moderate, granularBulk Density (g/cm3): 0.77Ksat (cm/min): 1.212Macroporosity: Common, fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Many, very fine-fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.244Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.17Ksat (cm/min): 0.632Macroporosity: Few, medium, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Common, fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): 38

C Horizon (C1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.148Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.37Ksat (cm/min): 0.418Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: Common, very fine-fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): 93

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Art Hershey WoodsHalfway up driveway into woods, from stake, 9.5’ at 80°

Glenelg Cropland04-PA029-004

Surface (Ap)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.349Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.18Ksat (cm/min): 0.46Macroporosity: Common, fine, tubularRoot Density: Many, fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt2)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.281Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.46Ksat (cm/min): 0.001Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 45

C Horizon (C1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.234Structure: Medium, weak, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.38Ksat (cm/min): 0Macroporosity: None Root Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 110

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Duane Hershey FarmStake at Telephone pole, 115’ at 78°

Glenelg Pasture04-PA029-005

Surface (Ap)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.288Structure: Medium, moderate, granularBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.32Ksat (cm/min): 0.019Macroporosity: Common, medium, tubularRoot Density: Many, fine-medium, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.323Structure: Moderate, medium, sub-angluar blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.44Ksat (cm/min): 0.008Macroporosity: Few, fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 43

C Horizon (C3)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.290Structure: Thick, weak, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.35Ksat (cm/min): 0.003Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 110

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

Location: Richard Breckbill FarmStake in fencerow, 25’ at 62°

Glenelg Urban04-PA029-006

Surface (A/B)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.328Structure: Thick, moderate, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.34Ksat (cm/min): 0.002Macroporosity: Few, very fine, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Common, very fine, throughoutDepth Measured (cm): Surface

B Horizon (Bt1)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.335Structure: Medium, moderate, sub-angular blockyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.41Ksat (cm/min): 0.003Macroporosity: Common, medium, Dendritic tubularRoot Density: Few, very fine, in channelsDepth Measured (cm): 46

C Horizon (C)Initial Moisture (m3/m3): 0.300Structure: Thick, strong, platyBulk Density (g/cm3): 1.35Ksat (cm/min): 0.007Macroporosity: NoneRoot Density: NoneDepth Measured (cm): 150

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

0.20.4

1.01.2

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0Location: Lincoln UniversityNear Douglas statue, from manhole, 26’ at139°

Hey, it is not the milking time yet!!

#@&%!^$

2005 Fall 2006 Spring

Repeated Measurementsin Different Seasons …

Repeated Measurements in Different Seasons …

Seasonal Changes of Surface Soil Hydraulic ConductivitySeasonal Changes of Surface Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

100.00

GeC-Spring

GeC-Fall 04

GeC-Fall 05

GeC-Spring

GeP-Spring

GeP-Fall 04

GeP-Fall 05

GeP-Spring

GeU-Spring

GeU-Fall 04

GeU-Fall 05

GeU-Spring

GeW-Spring

GeW-Fall 04

GeW-Fall 05

GeW-Spring

ity (c

At 6 cm tensionAt 0 cm tension

Cropland Pasture Urban Woodland

Glenelg

Where is the food, buddy!

Uhhh, at least he brought some water!

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies Landscape Landscape Hydropedologic Hydropedologic Studies Studies

---- SpatialSpatial--Temporal Patterns of Soil Moisture and the Temporal Patterns of Soil Moisture and the Underlying Processes in Contrasting LandscapesUnderlying Processes in Contrasting Landscapes

UplandWetland

MModelingodeling.?.

Distribution Distribution →→ PatternPattern

Spatial Variability, Temporal DynamicsSpatial Variability, Temporal Dynamics

Lateral flow

MMonitoringonitoring

MMapping!apping!

Vertical flow

LandscapePedonLateral flow

Verticalflow

Hydropedologic Hydropedologic Approach to Landscape StudiesApproach to Landscape Studies---- ““33MM”” CycleCycle

Penn State

Wastewater Spray Field

Forest Catchment

Fox Hollow Watershed

Pasture Field

Agronomy Farm

Stream Gauge

Sediment Fence

Dry (D1)

Moderately Dry (D2)

Wet (W1)Moderately Wet (W2)

Subsoil Moisture Clusters of the Monitoring Sites

~100 m

Blairton Soil Pit

8 7 10

44 4342 45

656463

71 7069

B2B3B4

A Hydropedologic Observatory: A Coupled Test Site for Hydrologic Observatory and Critical Zone Exploration

Study Area

~100 m

South-facing slope

North-facing slope

• 7.9 ha pristine forest catchment, V-shaped, 30 miles from PSU campus

• 5 soil series (Weikert, Berks, Rushtown, Blairton, Ernest) were identified and mapped

• 4 landforms: south-facing slope, north-facing slope, valley floor of a 1st-order headwater, swales

ClimateClimate

TopographyTopography

GeologyGeology

VegetationVegetation

Land UseLand UseHydrologyHydrology

SoilSoil

Soil Survey and GPR Surveys at the Shale Hills Catchment

Map of Depth to Bedrock at the Shale Hills Catchment

Depth to bedrock ranges from <0.25 m on the ridge tops and upper side slopes to >2 m in the valley bottom and swales based on in situ 223 observations.

Investigate EMI as a potential noninvasive rapid reconnaissance tool for mapping subsoil moisture distribution in a pristine forest catchment

Investigate GPR as a potential noninvasive quick tool to provide continuous and high resolution data of subsurface features including depth to bedrock in the shale hills catchment

Explore integrated use of geophysical tools for identifying distinct soil-landscape components and mapping soil variability across hillslope, especially subsurface preferential flow pathways

Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools in Hydropedologic Investigations

Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools Integrated Use of Geophysical Tools in in Hydropedologic Hydropedologic InvestigationsInvestigations

March 2005

October 2005

Examples of EMI Surveys

Weikert

Rushtown

Weikert

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) image of a subsurface (a swale) in the Shale Hills Catchment. The green curve indicates an interpreted depth to bedrock. The dash lines separate 3 soil series along the hillslope.

An example of imaging tracer transport in the subsurface using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Cool colors on the right indicate an increase in electrical conductivity associated with the transport of a sodium-chloride tracer. From these spatially exhaustive data, the mass, center of mass, and spatial variance of the tracer plume can be estimated through time.

control unit

current source

potential lines

geophysical inversion empirical

relation

hydropedologic truth data

collection & inversion

hydropedologic estimate

This is the state of the practice: Error is propagated through traditional estimation processes. Geophysicists generally apply empirical relations to convert the geophysical data back to the parameters of interest, which means that while we get good qualitative information about subsurface processes, the final images cannot be used quantitatively. One way to get around this is to insert hydropedologic insight to help constrain the geophysical inversion.

EMI and GPR are complimentary and their integrated use with standard soil survey are advantageous to hydropedologic studies.

Shale Hills Monitoring Design Map

8 7 10

5857 56

B2B3B4B5

Clusters: Dataloggers & Rain Gauges:

Each Cluster: 1 m instead of 2-3 m (steep slope)

0.5 mD

B Horizon

C Horizon

2” Schedule 40

Portable Soil MoistureProfiling Probe (TDR)

Nested Piezometers with Multi-depth Thermocouples Nested Tensiometers

A Horizon

Instrument Installation Scheme for the Shale HillsInstrument Installation Scheme for the Shale Hills

Thermocouples

Bentonite

Site 61 (Blairton Soil)

Matric Probe ECHO-10 229_L

5 cm14 cm20 cm

103 cm

150 cm

15 cm 15 cm1220

Gee, what these guys doing at my yard?!

July 28 Aug. 12 Aug. 15 Aug. 25

7/20/04 8/20/04 9/20/04 10/21/04 11/21/04 12/22/04 1/22/05 2/22/05 3/25/05

Valley (North)

Swale (North)

Hillslope (North)

Hilltop (North)

Valley (South)

Swale (South)

Hillslope (South)

Hilltop (South)

Ksat (cm/min)Horizon Depth (m)

Texture Bulk density(g/cm3)

Total Porosity(%) Vertical Horizontal

Oe 0-0.05

A 0.05-0.15 Silt loam 0.856 0.677 0.237 0.459

AE 0.15-0.20 Silt loam 0.865 0.674 0.678 1.338

Bw 0.20-0.28 Silt clay loam 1.107 0.582 0.271 0.403

Bt 0.28-0.50 Silt clay 1.267 0.522 0.367 0.820

2C 0.50-0.83 Sandy loam 1.715 0.353 0.394 4.116

3C 0.83-0.91 Clay 1.560 0.411 0.000 0.001

4C 0.91-1.28 Sandy loam 1.673 0.369 0.060 0.186

5C 1.28-1.37 Clay 1.597 0.397 0.000 0.001

Soil properties of Site 15 Ernest(Aquic Fragiudults)

Soil water content of each horizon at site 15

10/6/05 11/6/05 12/06/05 1/6/06 2/6/06 3/6/06 4/6/06 5/6/06

AAE-BwBtBt-2C2C2C-3C3C4C

AE-BwBt

Bt-2C3C

4C2C-3C

Ksat (cm/min)Horizon Depth (m)

Texture Bulk density(g/cm3)

Total Porosity(%) Vertical Horizontal

Oe 0-0.05 0.550 0.792 0.415 4.637

A 0.05-0.14 Silt loam 1.180 0.555 0.345 1.704

BA 0.14-0.20 Loam 1.299 0.510 0.020 0.128

Bt1 0.20-0.46 Clay loam 1.372 0.482 0.002 0.284

Bt2 0.46-0.87 Clay loam 1.662 0.373 0.018 0.649

CB1 0.87-1.03 Sandy clay loam 1.730 0.347 0.121 0.191

CB2 1.03-150+ Sandy clay loam 1.739 0.344 0.007 0.002

Soil properties of Site 61 Blairton(Aquic Hapludults)

Soil water content of each horizon at site 61

10/6/05 11/6/05 12/06/05 1/6/06 2/6/06 3/6/06 4/6/06 5/6/06

ABA-Bt1Bt1Bt2Bt2-CB1CB1CB2

Bt2CB2

Bt2-CB1

CB1Bt1

BA-Bt1

S ite 1 5

D a te

3 /2 3 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 5 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 7 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 9 /2 0 0 6 3 /3 1 /2 0 0 6 4 /1 /2 0 0 6 4 /3 /2 0 0 6 4 /5 /2 0 0 6

AA E -B wB tB t-2 C2 C2 C -3 C3 C4 C

Bt-2CAE-Bw4C

2C-3C2C

S ite 6 1

D a te

3 /2 3 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 5 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 7 /2 0 0 6 3 /2 9 /2 0 0 6 3 /3 1 /2 0 0 6 4 /1 /2 0 0 6 4 /3 /2 0 0 6 4 /5 /2 0 0 6

AB A -B t1B t1B t2B t2 -C b 1C B 1C B 2

Bt2CB2Bt2-CB1

CB1Bt1

BA-Bt1A

Bw or Bt

Valley Flooror Swale Bottom

(Wet Site)

Hilltop(Dry Site)

4) Return flow at footslope and toeslope during snow

melts or large storms

1) Subsurface seepage through macropore networks in subsoils

3) Flow at the soil-bedrock interface

Backslope(Moderately Wet or

Moderately Dry Site) Stream

2) Lateral flow through the interface between A and B horizons

Four main flow paths downslope and the typical soil profiles along the hillslope

A) Upslope

B) Midslope

C) Downslope

Bubbling outlet

Bubbling outletwhen saturated

A macropore when dry

Surface runoff at toeslope near the stream

Surface runoff at footslope near the stream

Flow at the interface between the Weikert soil and the fractured shale

Hillslope Flow Pathway Observations

Created using 5 ft contour

Elv. Diff: 74 ft

Created using 5 ft contour

Elv. Diff: 74 ft

Penn State Agronomy Farm, Centre County, PAPenn State Agronomy Farm, Centre County, PA

Surface Topography

Monitoring DesignSuper site

Satellite site

Key site

07/1807/18

08/1508/15

09/1009/1008/0308/03

06/2706/27 07/0507/05

07/0607/06

07/1107/11 10/14

0.095 0.101 0.160

0.176 0.181 0.188

0.209 0.263 0.344

Soil Moisture Spatial Patterns in Crop Root Zone at Different Wetness Conditions

Electrical Conductivity (uS/m)

1918171615141312

Mean 15.78StDev 0.5382N 7

Normal Histogram of Melvin

15141312111098

Normal Histogram of Nolin

1110987654

Histogram of HagerstownNormal

1110987654

Normal Histogram of Murrill

Soil Series vs. the Distribution of ECa Using EMISoil Series vs. the Distribution of ECa Using EMI

Soil Properties

Topography

Hourly Weather

Soil Moisture

Drainage

Grain Moisture

Inputs Outputs

GOES Insolation

and more...

Precision Agricultural-Landscape Model (PALM)Precision Agricultural-Landscape Model (PALM)

Determining Soil Changes after 40 years of Wastewater Irrigation

• Determine the physical, chemical and morphological changes of the irrigation area

• Determine if there is a reduced infiltration capacity

• Recommend future management practices to prolong the life of the area

• Penn State irrigates all of its wastewater since 1960’s (40 years so far!)• Approximately 2.5 million gallons/day, 365 days a year• Permitted to add 102 inches/year. Similar to a tropical climate!• 2 Sites (Toftrees and Astronomy Site)• 3 Types of Land Cover (Cropped Fields, Grass Fields, Forested Areas)

Control S

Cornfield Site

Grass Site

Grass Contro

0 420 840 1,260 1,680210Feet

Control Info: Simpson & Cunningham (1978)

• Performed 15 soil pit descriptions

• Developed a profile rating scale using several different morphologic properties

• Many pits showed redoximorphic features and there was also evidence of “vertical water channels”

• Estimated the life of the system to be 15 years when applying 91 inches of water annually.

Sample Location

·0 70 140 21035

LegendNewPits

SprayHeads

CoreSamplesOldSamplePits

Original Control Area(Irrigated for over 20 Years)

Original Irrigated Area(Irrigated for over 40 Years)

• 60 1.2-m long soil core samples were taken by using a hydraulic giddings probe– Sample location was based on

Landscape Position– Summit– Side slope– Depression

• 6 soil pits were also examined– Location based on

• Previous Soil Pits• Landscape Position

Depression Mystery?!Depression Mystery?!

HuBHuC HaB

141516

232422

Depression Areas

Depression #13 Depression #8

Top of the A Middle A Bottom A, with Buried A

A Horizon:YellowishLittle Redox

B Horizon:RedoxManganese

LegendcornfieldsamplesiteGeo_K_cm_m

0.03 - 0.23

0.24 - 0.64·0 140 280 420 56070Feet

18n19n

454647

0 130 260 390 52065Feet

Is the Entire Field Showing Signs of Redoximorphic Features?

• The area is not as bad as predicted• There are certain “wet spots”• Local erosion is severe; overall site

erosion probably not too bad• Saturated hydraulic conductivity has

been reduced, and bulk density increased

• Some of the problems may be attributed to the landscape hydrology of the area

Some Preliminary ResultsSome Preliminary Results

Soil Modeling Hierarchy:

Molecular

Mixture

Ped (aggregate)

Profile horizon

Field (catena)

Landscape (watershed)

Region

Mesoscopic

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Model Scale

Upscaling(larger area)

Downscaling(smaller area)

Soil Process and Parameters

Soil Mapping Hierarchy:

Components

SSURGO

STATSGO

NATSGO

World Soil Map

Map Scale

lGreat

Little

Order 5+ O

rder 5 Order 4

Order 3, O

rder 2 Order 1 Local

Aggregation(larger area)

Disaggregation(smaller area)

Degree of Generalizationof Soil Distribution

Hydropedology

Two Hierarchical Frameworks for Multiscale Bridging in HydropedologyTwo Hierarchical Frameworks for Multiscale Bridging in Hydropedology

Molecular

Mixture

Ped (aggregate)

Profile horizon

Field (catena)

Landscape (watershed)

Region

Mesoscopic

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Model Scale

Soil Process and Parameters

Nano- and genomic technologies

NanoNano-- and genomic and genomic technologiestechnologies

Computer model and remote sensing technologies

Computer model and Computer model and remote sensing remote sensing

technologiestechnologies

Patterns

VariabilityStructure Function

ScaleMicroscopic Model

Patterns

ScaleMesoscopic Model

Patterns

ScaleMacroscopic Model

IntegrationIntegration& Scale Bridging& Scale Bridging

States,Properties,

…(Roads)

Fluxes,Processes,

…(Traffic)

Scale of Properties

Aggregation(larger area)

Disaggregation(smaller area)

…Scale of Processes

A Framework for Integrated Hydropedologic StudiesA Framework for Integrated Hydropedologic Studies

OASIS for Landscape-Soil-Water Information Delivery, Interpretation, and Modeling

OASIS for LandscapeOASIS for Landscape--SoilSoil--Water Information Water Information Delivery, Interpretation, and ModelingDelivery, Interpretation, and Modeling

PASDA AI-GIS

Internet/WWW(ArcIMS, ArcObjects, ASP)

(Client Tier)

(Database Sever) (Application Sever)

Nitrate concentration in ground water wells

OASIS.?.Example data: Example tool:

Example interface: Example interface:

Online Databases

Indexing, querying, mapping, and downloading

Identifying potential farmland protection

Screening of “hot-spots” across town to

county size areas

Tier 1(Clients)

Tier 2(Applications

Server)

Tier 3(Database Server)

The Web-based System Users

HTML ViewersHTML

ViewersJava

ViewersOther

Viewers

Access Digital

Soils Data & Others

Water Quality

Hot Spot Tool

Farmland Preser-vation Tool

Digital Soils Data

SSURGOMaps

MUIR NSDAF

Other Digital Data

Land Use/ Cover

Bio-Physical Data

Socio-Economic

Internet/WWW(ArcIMS, ASP)

OASIS VisionOASIS Vision

Data mining & knowledge discovery

VisualizationVisualization

Coupling environmental modeling with GIS

Integrated multiscale landscape modeling

Landsat

Land use

Composite maps

Neural network, Decision trees

Others

Landscapeanalysis

Conditional entropy

NN Stat.

Indexingmodel

Watershedclassification

mapTerrain analysisSoil analysis

NN Stat.

Hydrology

Watersheds

Legend:Legend: MapDatabase

Waterquality

AIAI--GISGIS

Task flow Feedback to PASDA

Landscape patterns

Landscape variables

“Data rich, information poor?” –The Need of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

SummarySummary

Land Use Impacts on Soil Properties

Landscape Hydropedologic Studies- Forest Catchment- Agronomy Farm- Wastewater Spray Irrigation

Online Advanced Spatial Info System

SoilMoisture

SoilStructure

Hydropedology In Action?Hydropedology In Action?

Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships · Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships Integrated Studies of Landscape-Soil-Water Relationships. Soil

Documents

Soil Inventory Project Procedures...

Nature of Soil and Functional Relationships

Delineating dambo catenary soil-landscape units using ...

Soil Amendments for Landscape - Virginia Polytechnic...

Soil Landscape Reconnaissance Mapping - NSW EPA

Viticulture and Soil Relationships (Winegrowing) ·...

C Soil Water Relationships

Soil and Water Relationships of Florida Ecological … ·.....

Soil, Landscape, Hydrology Relationships - aswm.org ·...

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA SOIL-LANDSCAPE...

Soil, Agroecosystem and Landscape Health

Plant Community - Soil Relationships in Louisiana Coastal...

Unit SOIL-WATER RELATIONSHIPS: PERMEABILITY AND...

DEGRADATION AND REVITALIZATION OF SOIL AND LANDSCAPE

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE, …

Soil/Landscape Relationships in a Mesotidal Maine...