Industrialization

The Industrial Revolution

18th Century Origins18th Century Origins

• Good GovernmentGood Government

• Many farm laborersMany farm laborers

• Effective central bankEffective central bank

• Strong economyStrong economy

• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

• Jethro Tull Jethro Tull

• Seed DrillSeed Drill

Crop Rotation, Charles Crop Rotation, Charles Townsend, & Increased Townsend, & Increased

ProductionProduction

Improved LivestockImproved Livestock

YearYear Sheep (lbs)Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 17101710 28 28 370370

17951795 80 80 800 800

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

Increased PopulationIncreased Population• More people meant more workersMore people meant more workers

Natural Resource

s & Favorabl

e Geograp

hy & Climate

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Natural Resource

s & Favorabl

e Geograp

hy & Climate

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Technological Innovation

Technological Innovation

Coal & Iron work better than wood and water!

Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Child “hurriers”

Please AnswerPlease Answer::What was the problem this invention What was the problem this invention

solved and how did it work:solved and how did it work:

• Cotton Gin Cotton Gin

• Friction Match Friction Match

• Reaper Reaper

• Vulcanized RubberVulcanized Rubber

• Sewing MachineSewing Machine

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Other InventionsOther Inventions• Telegraph (1837)Telegraph (1837)• Ice-making machine (1851)Ice-making machine (1851)• Metronome (1816)Metronome (1816)• Ophthalmoscope (1851)Ophthalmoscope (1851)• Stethoscope (1819)Stethoscope (1819)• Pistol (revolver) (1835)Pistol (revolver) (1835)• Safety Pin (1949)Safety Pin (1949)• Braille (1829)Braille (1829)• Screw Propeller (1837)Screw Propeller (1837)

Quick Review QuestionQuick Review Question

• Why is this time period Why is this time period called the Industrial called the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

Other Reasons for Other Reasons for Industrial Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”

Factory ProductionFactory Production Concentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].

Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].

Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850224, 000 looms

>1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory

Children [in lbs.]

Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory

Children [in lbs.]

Age

Average weight of males in factories

Average weight of males not

in factories

Age

Average weight of females in factories

Average weight of females not in

factories

9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40

10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44

11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13

12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07

13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72

14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43

15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs” / “Downstairs”“Upstairs” /

“Downstairs”

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town

Industrial StaffordshireIndustrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Workers Housing in Newcastle

Workers Housing in Newcastle

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

The New Urban PoorThe New Urban Poor

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

Peterloo Massacre, 1819:

British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819:

British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!

Painted by George Cruickshank

The ChartistsThe Chartists

KeyKey

        Chartistsettlements

         Centres of Chartism

      Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

1. Votes for all men.2. Equal electoral districts.3. Abolition of the requirement

that Members of Parliament be property owners.

4. Payment for Members of Parliament.

5. Annual general elections.6. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—Chartists arming for the fight.

A female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Give manufactures more outlets for their products.

Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition. Promote international peace through

trade contact.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willoutpace the food supply.

War, disease, or faminecould control population.

The poor should have

less children.

Food supply will then keep up with population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

“Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,workers have morechildren.

More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government

intervention to provide some social safetynet.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

} People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

} Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

} Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Government Response

Government Response Abolition of slavery in the

coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.

Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.

Total British National Income

Total British National Income

Industrialization on the Continent

Industrialization on the Continent

Railroads on the ContinentRailroads on the Continent

European Industrial Production

European Industrial Production

Shares in World Trade:Leading European

Nations

Shares in World Trade:Leading European

Nations

Bibliographic SourcesBibliographic Sources

“Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm