The Industrial Revolution
18th Century Origins18th Century Origins
• Good GovernmentGood Government
• Many farm laborersMany farm laborers
• Effective central bankEffective central bank
• Strong economyStrong economy
• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution
• Jethro Tull Jethro Tull
• Seed DrillSeed Drill
Crop Rotation, Charles Crop Rotation, Charles Townsend, & Increased Townsend, & Increased
ProductionProduction
Improved LivestockImproved Livestock
YearYear Sheep (lbs)Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 17101710 28 28 370370
17951795 80 80 800 800
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
Increased PopulationIncreased Population• More people meant more workersMore people meant more workers
Natural Resource
s & Favorabl
e Geograp
hy & Climate
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Natural Resource
s & Favorabl
e Geograp
hy & Climate
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Technological Innovation
Technological Innovation
Coal & Iron work better than wood and water!
Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
Child “hurriers”
Please AnswerPlease Answer::What was the problem this invention What was the problem this invention
solved and how did it work:solved and how did it work:
• Cotton Gin Cotton Gin
• Friction Match Friction Match
• Reaper Reaper
• Vulcanized RubberVulcanized Rubber
• Sewing MachineSewing Machine
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Other InventionsOther Inventions• Telegraph (1837)Telegraph (1837)• Ice-making machine (1851)Ice-making machine (1851)• Metronome (1816)Metronome (1816)• Ophthalmoscope (1851)Ophthalmoscope (1851)• Stethoscope (1819)Stethoscope (1819)• Pistol (revolver) (1835)Pistol (revolver) (1835)• Safety Pin (1949)Safety Pin (1949)• Braille (1829)Braille (1829)• Screw Propeller (1837)Screw Propeller (1837)
Quick Review QuestionQuick Review Question
• Why is this time period Why is this time period called the Industrial called the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?
Other Reasons for Other Reasons for Industrial Industrial
RevolutionRevolution
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory
Children [in lbs.]
Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory
Children [in lbs.]
Age
Average weight of males in factories
Average weight of males not
in factories
Age
Average weight of females in factories
Average weight of females not in
factories
9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40
10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44
11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13
12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07
13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72
14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43
15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs” / “Downstairs”“Upstairs” /
“Downstairs”
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town
Industrial StaffordshireIndustrial Staffordshire
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
The New Urban PoorThe New Urban Poor
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
Peterloo Massacre, 1819:
British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819:
British Soldiers Fire on Br. Workers!
Painted by George Cruickshank
The ChartistsThe Chartists
KeyKey
Chartistsettlements
Centres of Chartism
Area of plug riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
1. Votes for all men.2. Equal electoral districts.3. Abolition of the requirement
that Members of Parliament be property owners.
4. Payment for Members of Parliament.
5. Annual general elections.6. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—Chartists arming for the fight.
A female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition. Promote international peace through
trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
War, disease, or faminecould control population.
The poor should have
less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.
David RicardoDavid Ricardo
“Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government
intervention to provide some social safetynet.
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
} People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
} Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
} Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Government Response
Government Response Abolition of slavery in the
coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.
Total British National Income
Total British National Income
Industrialization on the Continent
Industrialization on the Continent
Railroads on the ContinentRailroads on the Continent
European Industrial Production
European Industrial Production
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Bibliographic SourcesBibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm