Indonesian Petroleum System, Reserve Additions and Exploratory Efficiency (Howes and Tisnawijaya, 1997)
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P A 9 5 - 1.0 - 040
PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Twenty Fourth Annual Convention, October 1995
ABSTRACT
INDONESIA N PETROLEUM SY STEM S, RESERVE ADDlTI ONSAND EXPLORATION EFFICIENCY
J .V.C.Howes*
Suherman Tisnawijaya"
Since Indonesian Independence in 1945, proved
ultimately recoverable petroleum resources in theRepublic of Indonesia have quadrupled from
approximately 12 BBOE to nearly 50 BBOE, with
over 800 new fields having been discovered in
fourteen principal areas. Over one-third of post-
independence reserve additions have come from newly
productive petroleum systems. In recent years,
exploration has continued to be rewarding with an
average of two significant discoveries per year
exceeding a reserve size of 50 MMBOE.
Indonesia has over twenty producing petroleum
systems which yield a variety of exploration statisticsand discovery process curves. Three basic patterns in
the discovery process curves are recognized. The
classic upwardly convex curve reflects the effect of
early exploration efficiency linked to geologic
controls; this pattern is particularly well displayed in
areas such as Central Sumatra and Salawati. Other
areas such as East Java show an inverted or concave
upward curve, caused partly by an economically
driven late surge in large reserve additions, linked to
developing gas markets. A random or straight line
discovery process is apparent in West Natuna, where
a more complex petroleum system has inhibitedexploration efficiency to date.
Examination of past exploration statistics and patterns
can serve as a useful guide for assessing and ranking
remaining opportunities in mature areas, and can also
provide models for resource assessment and
exploration strategy applicable to newly emerging
frontier areas.
~-
* Atl anti c Richfield Indonesia,Inc.
INTRODUCTION
In the fifty years since Indonesian Independence,
estimated ultimately recoverable petroleum resources(EUR) discovered in the Republic of Indonesia have
quadrupled from approximately 12 billion barrels of
oil equivalent (BBOE) to nearly 50 BBOE (Figures 1
and 2). The total EUR is split almost equally between
oil and gas, compared to post-independence reserve
addition, which has been more heavily weighted
towards gas. The number of productive Indonesian
petroleum systems has more than doubled since 1945
(Figure 3). Meanwhile the number of discovered
petroleum accumulations has increased eight fold from
around 100 to over 900, and active exploration has
opened a multitude of new plays throughout theIndonesian archipelago. Exploration continues to be
successful in Indonesia. Detailed analysis indicates an
average of at least two significant discoveries per year
in the greater than 50 MMBOE reserve category over
the past fifteen years.
This paper documents the discovery process
associated with reserve growth both before and after
Independence within the context of petroleum
systems. The identification of productive source-
reservoir couplets over specific geographic areas
allows a review of exploration reserve addition inIndonesia which reflects the underlying petroleum
geology. Specific patterns of discovery process can be
identified which provide an estimate of both the
geologic complexity and the exploration maturity for
established areas of production. Relative volumes of
gas and liquid hydrocarbon reserves are readily
apparent for each system from the compiled data.
Economic effects may .also be discerned, primarily
associated with the late development of domestic gas
markets. Examination of the discovery process
© IPA, 2006 - 24th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1995sc Contents
Contents
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2
patterns may be useful in assessing and ranking
opportunities in mature areas, and these patterns can
also be used as analogs for resource assessment and
exploration strategy in newly discovered petroleumsystems or frontier areas.
obviously similar systems has generally been
employed for this overview. The number of as yetnon-productive petroleum systems is limited only by
the collective imagination and ingenuity of
explorationists working in Indonesia; it must easily
surpass one hundred.
DATABASE
Namenclatun:The primary reference for the database util ized in this
study was Petroconsultants Worldwide Exploration
and Production Database. Information from this
database was modif ied with reserve estimates and
other data derived from a multitude of sources
including Indonesian Petroleum A ssociation A nnual
Convention Proceedings and internal reports and
studies. The data presented, in particular the figures
for EUR, are inherently uncertain and the reader isencouraged to, focus not on exact numbers, which can
always be improved upon with specific or proprietary
knowledge, but instead on relative volumes and
historical trends. Hydrocarbon accumulations were
arbitrarily assigned to specific petroleum systems
through review of their location, followed by
consideration of their principal reservoir and
hydrocarbon type. The latter parameters were only
utilized for accumulations with significant EUR. Data
for the North Sumatra: Bampo-Peutu(!) Petroleum
System were derived directly from Buck and
M cCulloh (1994). Data for the Sulawesi/Buton:Winto-T ertiary Asphalt(!) System were from Davidson(1991).
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS
A petroleum system is a stratigraphically andgeographically distinct uni t that encompasses a mature
source pod and all related petroleum occurrences
(M agoon.and DOW,1994). This paper lists thirty-four
petroleum systems in the Republic of Indonesia that
have reported accumulations of hydrocarbons (TableI ), together. with twenty petroleum systems that, as
yet, Contain no proven accumulations (Table 2). The
location of these systems is shown in Figures 4 and 5.
In reality, the number of systems is far greater thanthat given in this paper. M any of the productive
systems listed represent composite areas that containseveral distinct source pods; the Central Sumatra,
South Sumatra, and East J ava systems being obvious
epmples. For the purposes of simplicity agrouping of
The name assigned to a petroleum system is
comprised of the name of the principal source, the
name of the major reservoir, and a symbol expressing
the level of certainty, or confidence, that known
accumulations can be tied to a source pod (M agoon,
1989). Where both principal source and major
reservoir occur in the same geological unit, the unit
name is given only once, fol lowed by the level ofcertainty symbol. T his paper adds a fourth element to
the existing nomenclature scheme, an area name
prefix, which provides either a geo-political and/or
tectonic or basin spatial reference. T hree levels of
petroleum system certainty are defined by M agoon
(1989) and are utilized below to classify Indonesian
petroleum systems.
K nown Petroleum Systems
A known petroleum system contains a good matchbetween source and accumulation; these systems are
identified by the symbol (!).Twelve known petroleumsystems have been recognized in Indonesia; together
these systems account for 70% of Indonesia's EUR
discovered to date. The most prolif ic knownpetroleum system is the Central Sumatra: Pematang-
Sihapas(!) System with EUR of 12.8 BBOE.
Hypothetical Petmleum Systems
A hypothetical petroleum system contains at least oneproven accumulation, an identified source, but no
geochemical match between source and accumulation;
these systems are identified by the symbol (.). Thispaper identifies twenty-two hypothetical petroleum
systems in I ndonesia; these systems together account
for 30% of I ndonesia's E UR discovered to date. Themost prolific system in this category is the East
Natuna:Tertiary-Terumbu(.) System with EUR of 7.6
BBOE.
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Speculative Petroleum Systems
A speculative petroleum system contains no
penetrations of the source pod and no proven
petroleum accumulations, but the presence of both is
postulated on the basis of geologic andlor geophysicalevidence. This category is identified by the symbol('?).
There are twenty speculative petroleum systems
named in this paper; many more undoubtedly exist.
The highest potential systems in this category
probably lie in Eastern Indonesia.
DISCOVERY PROCESS
Examination of the process of reserve addition
through new field discovery can yield valuable
insights on the maturity, complexity and economic li feof a particular province, basin, play or petroleum
system. The typical method employed to examine
discovery process is to generate a graph that plots
cumulative reserves in discovery order. CumulativeEU R for gas and hydrocarbon liquids are plotted on
the vertical axis in mil li ons of barrels of oi l equivalent(MMBOE), while the number of fields, in discovery
order, is plotted on the horizontal axis. The horizontal
axis therefore represents a highly non-l inear time scale
calibrated by the dates of discovery of each field. Data
for country-wide reserve additions have been plotted
using this methodology (F igures 1-3), and a number ofgraphs have also been generated for the more
signi fi cant productive petroleum systems in Indonesia(Figures 6 to 15). Note that different vertical scales
are used from graph to graph depending on each
system's EUR.
In most cases the discovery process graph represents
the col lective wisdom and folly of l iterally hundreds
of explorationists and decision makers over the life of
a productive play or petroleum system. The order in
which fields and their associated reserves are
discovered is a direct measure of the petroleumindustry's exploration efficiency. This simplistic
analysis is obviously complicated by factors such as
accessibility, improvemefits in technology, and
changing economic climates, but most discoveryprocess charts illustrate the relatively efficient capture
of the largest accumulations early in the exploration
life of a petroleum system. This phenomenon isimportant for resource assessment, asmean field sizescalculated from historical data or projected for frontier
areas will normally vary significantly from one
exploration phase to the next. In most cases the
majority of petroleum system reserves wi ll be
captured early in the exploration process, while
remaining reserve addition in very mature areas can
usually be predicted with some accuracy from theextrapolation of existing trends.
Three basic patterns can be discerned from the
discovery process graphs generated for Indonesian
systems: the classic convex upward "creaming" curve
indicative of efficient exploration, a straight line or
random curve indicating neutral eff iciency, and aconcave upward curve reflecting ineffi ciency and late
discovery of major reserves. Each pattern is discussed
separately below. The majority of Indonesian
petroleum systems fall clearly into an efficient
discovery process pattern.
High ExpIoration Efficiency
a. Central Sumatra: Pematang-Sihapas(!) System
This system (Figure 6) is the best example in
Indonesia of a high efficiency discovery process.
A sharply convex upward curve clearly shows
three distinct exploration periods. The initial
phase with an almost vertical slope includes the
Duri and M inas Field discoveries and captures
65% of system reserves with eight discoveries inthe first five years. A second curve segment with
a moderately steep slope covers the period 1945
to 1975 where an additional 25% of system
reserves were discovered in 56 fields. The final
mature exploration phase commenced at around
this time, with the remaining 10% of reserves
being found in over 100 remaining fields. Note
the very low proportion of gas in this system,
presumably due to the oil -prone lacustrine source.
b. South Sumatra: TdangA W ! ) System
The South Sumatra graph (F igure 7) shows asimilar but less pronounced efficiency; here the
initial phase captured 40% of reserves with thefirst 35 discoveries. T he late ramp-up in the gas
discovery curve reflects economically driven
exploration for gas reserves related to domesticmarket opportunities, including the Duri Field
steam lood.
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c. Sdawati, Tttr,kmand Bait0 Systems
A ll these systems (Figures 8,9,10) show high
exploration efficiency, with well pronounced
initial phases capturing 70% or more of EUR's.
Differences in gas to liquid ratios between thethree systems are well displayed; the
Sa1awati:M iocene-K ais(.) System appears strongly
oil prone, while the Tarakan: Tabul-Tarakan(.)
System appears moderately gas prone.
(1. Northwest J :iv;i Systems
Discovery process graphs for northwest J ava as a
whole and its component petroleum systems are
shown in Figure 11. These systems represent the
most prolific new oil-prone producing area
discovered since Indonesian Independence; totalEUR is 4.0 BBOE including over 2.6 billion
barrels of oi l. The composite curve for the
northwest J ava systems displays moderate
exploration efficiency; however, a late jump is
very evident on the oil curve representing thediscovery of the Widuri Field in 1988.
A breakdown of the composite curve into four
component petroleum systems illustrates how
more insight can be derived by review of
individual petroleum system data. High
exploration eff iciency is clearly seen in the Arjunaand J atibarang system oil discovery curves, whi le
Widuri Field can be properljr recognized as an
early discovery in the entirely new Asri:
Ol igocene-T alang A ka( .) System. This is a good
example of significant reserve addition through
discovery of a new petroleum system in anestablished producing area. Also apparent on these
graphs are the differences in gas to liquid ratios
between various systems, again probably
reflecting source type influence, with the
lacustrine sourced Sunda system having much
lower relative volumes of gas. Discounting theserendipi tous early shallow gas discovery at "L"
Field, the gas discovery curve for Arjuna isstraight or slightly concave upward, reflecting an
early aversion to gas exploration and the later
development of a domestic gas market onshore
J ava. This compares to the A rjuna oil discovery
curve which indicates a mature phase ofexploration has been reached in the search forliquids in this system.
M oderdte Explordtion Efficiency
a K alimantanlK utei: Balikpapan(!) System
The presence of several large "steps" in the
K alim antan/K utei Balikp apan(!) discoveryprocessgraph reflects the presence of at least six giant
fields in this system (Figure 12). Overall both theoil and gas curves indicate efficiency, but the
overall shape and trend of the less efficient gas
discovery curve indicates exploration immaturity
and an increased chance of future significant
discoveries.
b. North Sumatra Systems
This composite curve is overwhelmed by the
presence of a single accumulation, the giant A runField discovered in 1971, which accounts for
almost 70% of basin reserves (Figure 13).Several
petroleum systems are present in North Sumatra
but these have failed to rival A run in EUR. T he
discovery of a second potentially giant gasaccumulation at Kuala Langsa-1 in this province
as late as 1992 (Caughey and W ahyudi, 1993)
serves as a useful reminder and caution that
surprises can occur even when a discovery
process curve looks as mature as that displayed
for North Sumatra. The K uala Langsa trap sits
astride a block boundary in a wetland areaassociated with seismic acquisition problems.
Unfortunately, the discovery well tested over 80%
CO,, making it non-commercial at present.
Neutral Explordtion Efficiency
a West Natuna Systems
While the discovery process curve for WestNatuna (Figure 14) represents a composite of a
number of individual petroleum systems, it may
accurately reflect the overall neutral explorationefficiency experienced in this area. From the
graph it is apparent that almost equal amounts ofgas and liquids have been discovered, even
though gas has no economic value at present inthis location. A dditionally, the largest
accumulation, Belida Field, was discovered
relatively late in the exploration process
(discovery date 1989, field number 20of 25). Theoverall lack of efficiency in West Natuna
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probably reflects the area's complex geology,
which includes structural inversion, uncertainty of
source type and location, and extensive re-
migration of hydrocarbons (Ginger et al. 1993).
Late ReserveDiscovery
a East J ava Systems
Again, the discovery process graph presented in
Figure 15 represents a composite curve of a
number of separate petroleum systems, although
the majority of these systems share a common
source interval in the Eocene Ngimbang
Formation. The graph serves to illustrate a late
surge in reserve addition, in part economically
driven by development of a domestic market for
gas, but also obviously influenced by complexgeology and possible inefficiency in successful
eastward extension of the proven onshore
petroleum system, which was discovered in 1888.
CONCLUSIONS
In general, historical exploration efficiency in
Indonesia has been high at all scales, including
country wide, province, basin and petroleum systems
levels.
Since Indonesian Independence in 1945, proved
ultimately recoverable petroleum resources in the
Republic of lndonesia have quadrupled from
approximately 12 BBOE to nearly 50 BBOE, with
over 800 new fields having been discovered in
fourteen principal areas.
Over one third of post-independence reserve additions
have come from newly productive petroleum systems.
In recent years exploration has continued to be
rewarding, with an average of two significant
discoveries per year exceeding a reserve size of 50
MMBOE. The balance of reserve addition appears to
be shifting away from oil towards gas. Indonesia has
over twenty producing petroleum systems and many
more as yet non-productive speculative systems.
Three basic patterns in the discovery process curves
for producing systems are recognized: the classic
upwardly convex "creaming" curve reflects' the effect
of early exploration efficiency linked to geologic
controls and is typical of the majority of systems, with
Central Sumatra presenting a classic example. A
random or straight line discovery process is apparent
in West Natuna, where a more complex petroleum
system has inhibited exploration efficiency to date.
Other areas such as East Java show an inverted or
concave upward curve, caused partly by aneconomically driven late surge in large reserve
additions, linked to developing gas markets.
Rapid upward deflections in discovery process curves
are always possible and do occur, caused by the
discovery of new petroleum systems or play types,
overlooked areas, and improvements in technology,
accessibility, or economic conditions. However, the
chance of such upward departures should be
objectively assessed.
Examination of past exploration statistics and patternscan serve as a useful guide for assessing and ranking
remaining opportunities in mature areas, and can also
provide models for resource assessment and
exploration strategy applicable to newly emerging
frontier areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Atlantic Richfield Indonesia Inc.
and PERTAMINA for permission to publish this
paper. The authors are indebted to Petroconsultants
S.A. for permission to use their Worldwide
Exploration and Production Database as a basic
framework for data compilation; other
Petroconsultants products including their Foreign
Scouting Service and Basin Monitor Reports were
also referred to in preparation of this paper. However,
the actual data presented and conclusions drawn
remain the entire responsibility of the authors and do
not purport to represent the official data or opinions
of Atlantic Richfield, PERTAMINA, Petroconsultants
or any other company.
Special thanks are extended to Dana Coffield for
many stimulating discussions and for review of this
manuscript; both significantly improved this paper.
Thanks also to many other colleagues at ARCO,
includingMarty Robinson, Charles Mitchell, Bo Henk
and Stephen Scott, and to Marlan Downey who first
introduced the principal author to the importance of
discovery process data in resource assessment and
exploration strategy.
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REFERENCES
This paper, and in particular the compilation ofpetroleum systems in T ables 1 and 2, represents the
synthesis of a very large amount of material; a
complete list of references is therefore not given.Those papers referred to specifi cally in the text arelisted below.
Buck, S.P., and McCulloh, T .H., 1994, Bampo-
Peutu(!) Petroleum System, North Sumatra, Indonesia,
in M agoon L.B. and Dow W.G., Editors, 1994, The
Petroleum System - from Source to T rap, A A PG
M emoir 50, 625-637.
Caughey, C.A ., and Wahyudi, T., 1993, Gas reservoirs
in the L ower M iocene Peutu Formation, Aceh T imur,
Sumatra, Indonesian Petroleum Association, 22nd.A nnual Convention Proceedings, 199-218.
Davidson, J.W., 1991, The Geology and Prospectivity
of Buton Island, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia, Indonesian
Petroleum A ssociation, 20th. Annual ConventionProceedings, 209-221.
Ginger, D.C., A rdjakusumah, W.O., Hedley, R.J ., andPothecary, J ., 1993, Inversion H istory of the West
Natuna Basin: Examples from the Cumi-Cumi PSC,
Indonesian Petroleum Association, 22nd. A nnualConvention Proceedings, 635-658.
M agoon, L.B., Editor, 1989, The Petroleum System -Status of Research and M ethods, 1990, USGS Bulletin
1912, 88p.
M aggon, L.B., and DOW,W.G., 1994, The Petroleum
System, in M agoon L.B. and Dow W.G., Editors,
1994, The Petroleum System - from Source to Trap,AAPG Memoir 50, 3-24.
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TABLE 2
SEL ECT ED SPECULA TIV E INDONESIAN PETROL EUM SY STEM S
SELECT ED INDONESIAN PETROLEUM SYSTEM S WITH NO DISCOVERIESTO DATE
Location Number Petroleum System. Province:Source-Reservoir(Certainty)
A
B l r ian J aydForeland:Mesozoic(?)C lrian Jaya/Meervlakte:Tert iary(?)
D l r ian Jaya/Waipoga:Teriary(?)
E l r ian J aya/Salawati:Permian/Mesozoic(?)
F Maluku/Accretionary Prism:J urassic-J urassic/Cenozoic(?)
G Maluku Arafura SedPassive Margin:Mesozoic-Mesozoic/Cenozoic(?)
H Mal ukul Ha1mahera: Eocene-M ocene(?)
J Sulawesi NE/Gorantalo:Mesozoic(?)
K Sulawesi NW/Lariang-Karama:Teriary(?)
L Sulawesi SWlSalayer-Spermonde:Eccene-Miocene(?)
M Sulawesi WKal osi : Eocene-Neogene( ?)
N Sulawesi SE/Bone:Eocene-Tacipi(?)
P Nusa TenggardForeArc:Tertiary(?)
R KalimantanlAsern-Asem:Eocene-Oligocene(?)S KalimantanlKetungai:Paleogene-Neogene(?)
T Kalimantan/Kutei:Paleogene(?)
W Kal i rnantadMakassar - Lari an: Pal eogene-Neogene(?)
X Java ForeArc :Paleogene(?)
Y Sumatra ForeArc:Paleogene(?)
lrian Jaya/Fold & Thrust Be1t:Mesozoic-Tertiary(?)
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9
INDONESIA TOTAL DISCOVEREDEUR: 50 BBOE (>go0 fields)
25000
20000w
2
a15000
3
-z 10000
5
a3>
3-0
5000
0
Natuna Field (1973)
200 400 600 800
Number of Fields in Discovery Order
FIGURE 1 - Indonesia 1885 - 1994 :CumulativeTotal Estimated Ultimate Recovery
POST-INDEPENDENCE DISCOVERIES: 38 BBOE (800 fields)
25000
20000W
8Tunu Field (1977)
15000a3W
a3>
3
10000-Handil Field (1974)s
0
5000
0
200 400 600 800
Post-Indepen denc e Fields in Discovery Order
FIGURE 2 - Indonesia 1945- 1994:Discovery Process Since Independence
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10
50000
W 400000
z30000
0:
3W
a
cr l
3
& 20000-5
10000
0
+North Sumatra:Bampo-Peutu(!)
East Na una:Tertiary-Terumbu(.)Independence 194
f"lentral Sumatra:Pematang-Sihapas(!) 1939
Falimantan/Kutei:Balikpapan(!) 1897
South Sumatra:Talang Akar(!) 1896I I I
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Petroleum Systems proved productive in Discovery Order
FI GURE3 - Discovery Process Graph for Productive Indonesian Petroleum Systems
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1WE
laOE
t
1E
1
E
FG
4-
S
e
e
P
oemS
em
oWeen
n
a
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Y
Q
I
I
I
I
5
Q
V
A
FO
E
O
O
b' AWITH
P
P
R
E
M
A
M
A
O
@ S
A
V
P
R
E
M
S
M
- T
E
2
4"N
4
P
P
R
E
M
S
M
- T
E
1
FG
5-
S
e
e
P
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S
em
oE
en
n
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13
1 4 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0
W1 0 0 0 0
E 8 0 0 0
W6 0 0 0
m
4 0 0 00
2 0 0 0
0
C E N T R A L S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S
First D iscovery: 1939Total EUR: 12.8MMBOEN u m b ~ O il
1944 End F irs t Exp lora t ion Phase
Minas Field
Dud F ield
G a s. .. .. . ~ Z Z: ]] :] : ~] ] ]] : ~ ] ] . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 1 - - -- if : it I . _
- - - - - ~ i . . . . . . _ Z L _ - T . . . . . . .
5 0 1 0 0
F ie lds in D iscove ry Orde r
1 5 0
F I G U R E 6 - Ce ntr a l Sumatr a Com pos i te D i s c ove r y Pr oc e s s Gr aph
3 0 0 0
WO
2 0 0 0
W
1 0 0 0
O
0
S O U T H S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S
First D iscovery: 1900Tota l EU R : 3.5 BBOENumber of Fields: 180
\1965
Pendopo Field
, i ,
5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0
Fie lds in Discovery Order
O il
Ga.,
F I G U R E 7 - S o u t h S u m at ra C o m p o s i t e D i s c o v e r y P r o c e s s G r ap h
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14
500
I 400w
Ia:3W
300
1. 100
0
I
SALAWATI: MlOCENE-KAIS (.) SYSTEM
First Discovery: 1936
Total EUR:0.5BBOE
Number o Fields: 40
Oil
Walio Field (1973)
asKasim Field (1972)
20
Fields in Discovery Order
4 0
FIGURE 8 - Salawati :M iocene-K ais (.) System Discovery Process Graph
7 0 0 , TABUL-TARAKAN (.) SYSTEM
1 60 01 500
40 0
300
2 0 0
100
0
as
Bunyu Field (1922)
Pamusian Field
10 20IFirst Discovery: 1900
Total EUR: 1 BBOE
Number of Fields: 35
FIGURE 9 - Tarakan :Tabul-Tarakan (.)
DiscoveryProcess Graph
200 , TANJUNG (!) SYSTEM
100
0
Tanjung Field (7937)
*I 10
First Discovery: 1937
Total EUR: 0.2 BBOE
Number of Fields: 12
FIGURE 10- Barito :Tanjung(!)
Discovery ProcessGraph
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NORTHWESTJAVA SYSTEMS3000 1
1500 -
1000 -
500 -
2 5 0 0
w
532 20002a
2 1500
000
500
0
ASRl System
Widurj Field ( 988)
First Discovery: 1969
Total EUR: 4.0 BBOE
Number of Fields: 190 Widuri Field (1988)
Rama Field (1974)
"B " , "En, Jatibarang &i inta Fields (1969-70)
30 60 90 1 2 0 1 5 0 180
Number of Fields in Discovery Order
1 51 101
Arjuna: 2,200 MMB OE (105 fields)
1500
1000
50 0
JATIBARANG System
Jatibarang Field (1969)/
0
1 16 31
Asri: 300 MMBOE (6 fields)
1500
1000
500
0
SUNDA System
1 21 4 1
Jatibarang: 600 MMBOE (32 fields) Sunda: 950 MMBOE (46 fields)
FI GURE 11 - Discovery Process Graphs for Northwest Javaand its four Principal Syst ems
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t 6
8 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
~ 5 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
E
o 2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
K U T E h B A L I K P A P A N ( ! ) S Y S T E M
First Discovery: 1900Tota l EUR: 10.7 BBOENumber of Fields: 67 NW Pec iko (1991)
Tunu (1977)
Ga. ,
Nilam
Handi l (1974)
(1970)
Oi l & Condensa te
0 ~ i I i
' 2 0 4 0 6 0
F ie lds in D iscove ry O rde r
F I G U R E 1 2 - K a l i m a n t a n /K u t e i : B a l ik p a p an ( !) S y s t e m D i s co v e r y P r o c e s G r a p h
U .I
= o
= =~E
@
E
O
8 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0
N O R T H S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S
I First Discove ry: 1885• T ota l EUR: >5.0 BBO E
Number of Fields: >80i . , .
G as
Arun Field
Oi l & Condensa te
2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
F ie lds in D iscove ry O rde r
F I G U R E 1 3 - N o r t h S u m a t ra C o m p o s i t e D i s c o v e r y P r o c e s s G r a p h
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17
600
500
W
400
5
a
2 3001
100
0
WEST NATUNA SYSTEMS
First Discovery: 1972
TotalEUR: 1.0BBOE
Number of Fields: 25
10
Fields inDiscovery Order
20
FIGURE 14- West Natuna Composite Discovery Process Graph
900
800
700
2 600za 500
2 400
$ 300
0200
100
0
w
i2.-m
EAST JAVA SYSTEMS
First Discovery: 1888
Total EUR: 1.3BBOE
Number of Fields: 60
Post- 1980 Gas Discoveries
including Pagerungan (1985) \
Oi l
20 4 0
Fields in Discovery Order60
FIGURE 15- East J ava Composite Discovery Pr ocess Graph
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