Indonesian Petroleum System, Reserve Additions and Exploratory Efficiency (Howes and Tisnawijaya, 1997)

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P A 9 5 - 1.0 - 040

PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Twenty Fourth Annual Convention, October 1995

ABSTRACT

INDONESIA N PETROLEUM SY STEM S, RESERVE ADDlTI ONSAND EXPLORATION EFFICIENCY

J .V.C.Howes*

Suherman Tisnawijaya"

Since Indonesian Independence in 1945, proved

ultimately recoverable petroleum resources in theRepublic of Indonesia have quadrupled from

approximately 12 BBOE to nearly 50 BBOE, with

over 800 new fields having been discovered in

fourteen principal areas. Over one-third of post-

independence reserve additions have come from newly

productive petroleum systems. In recent years,

exploration has continued to be rewarding with an

average of two significant discoveries per year

exceeding a reserve size of 50 MMBOE.

Indonesia has over twenty producing petroleum

systems which yield a variety of exploration statisticsand discovery process curves. Three basic patterns in

the discovery process curves are recognized. The

classic upwardly convex curve reflects the effect of

early exploration efficiency linked to geologic

controls; this pattern is particularly well displayed in

areas such as Central Sumatra and Salawati. Other

areas such as East Java show an inverted or concave

upward curve, caused partly by an economically

driven late surge in large reserve additions, linked to

developing gas markets. A random or straight line

discovery process is apparent in West Natuna, where

a more complex petroleum system has inhibitedexploration efficiency to date.

Examination of past exploration statistics and patterns

can serve as a useful guide for assessing and ranking

remaining opportunities in mature areas, and can also

provide models for resource assessment and

exploration strategy applicable to newly emerging

frontier areas.

~-

* Atl anti c Richfield Indonesia,Inc.

INTRODUCTION

In the fifty years since Indonesian Independence,

estimated ultimately recoverable petroleum resources(EUR) discovered in the Republic of Indonesia have

quadrupled from approximately 12 billion barrels of

oil equivalent (BBOE) to nearly 50 BBOE (Figures 1

and 2). The total EUR is split almost equally between

oil and gas, compared to post-independence reserve

addition, which has been more heavily weighted

towards gas. The number of productive Indonesian

petroleum systems has more than doubled since 1945

(Figure 3). Meanwhile the number of discovered

petroleum accumulations has increased eight fold from

around 100 to over 900, and active exploration has

opened a multitude of new plays throughout theIndonesian archipelago. Exploration continues to be

successful in Indonesia. Detailed analysis indicates an

average of at least two significant discoveries per year

in the greater than 50 MMBOE reserve category over

the past fifteen years.

This paper documents the discovery process

associated with reserve growth both before and after

Independence within the context of petroleum

systems. The identification of productive source-

reservoir couplets over specific geographic areas

allows a review of exploration reserve addition inIndonesia which reflects the underlying petroleum

geology. Specific patterns of discovery process can be

identified which provide an estimate of both the

geologic complexity and the exploration maturity for

established areas of production. Relative volumes of

gas and liquid hydrocarbon reserves are readily

apparent for each system from the compiled data.

Economic effects may .also be discerned, primarily

associated with the late development of domestic gas

markets. Examination of the discovery process

© IPA, 2006 - 24th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1995sc Contents

Contents

Search



2

patterns may be useful in assessing and ranking

opportunities in mature areas, and these patterns can

also be used as analogs for resource assessment and

exploration strategy in newly discovered petroleumsystems or frontier areas.

obviously similar systems has generally been

employed for this overview. The number of as yetnon-productive petroleum systems is limited only by

the collective imagination and ingenuity of

explorationists working in Indonesia; it must easily

surpass one hundred.

DATABASE

Namenclatun:The primary reference for the database util ized in this

study was Petroconsultants Worldwide Exploration

and Production Database. Information from this

database was modif ied with reserve estimates and

other data derived from a multitude of sources

including Indonesian Petroleum A ssociation A nnual

Convention Proceedings and internal reports and

studies. The data presented, in particular the figures

for EUR, are inherently uncertain and the reader isencouraged to, focus not on exact numbers, which can

always be improved upon with specific or proprietary

knowledge, but instead on relative volumes and

historical trends. Hydrocarbon accumulations were

arbitrarily assigned to specific petroleum systems

through review of their location, followed by

consideration of their principal reservoir and

hydrocarbon type. The latter parameters were only

utilized for accumulations with significant EUR. Data

for the North Sumatra: Bampo-Peutu(!) Petroleum

System were derived directly from Buck and

M cCulloh (1994). Data for the Sulawesi/Buton:Winto-T ertiary Asphalt(!) System were from Davidson(1991).

PETROLEUM SYSTEMS

A petroleum system is a stratigraphically andgeographically distinct uni t that encompasses a mature

source pod and all related petroleum occurrences

(M agoon.and DOW,1994). This paper lists thirty-four

petroleum systems in the Republic of Indonesia that

have reported accumulations of hydrocarbons (TableI ), together. with twenty petroleum systems that, as

yet, Contain no proven accumulations (Table 2). The

location of these systems is shown in Figures 4 and 5.

In reality, the number of systems is far greater thanthat given in this paper. M any of the productive

systems listed represent composite areas that containseveral distinct source pods; the Central Sumatra,

South Sumatra, and East J ava systems being obvious

epmples. For the purposes of simplicity agrouping of

The name assigned to a petroleum system is

comprised of the name of the principal source, the

name of the major reservoir, and a symbol expressing

the level of certainty, or confidence, that known

accumulations can be tied to a source pod (M agoon,

1989). Where both principal source and major

reservoir occur in the same geological unit, the unit

name is given only once, fol lowed by the level ofcertainty symbol. T his paper adds a fourth element to

the existing nomenclature scheme, an area name

prefix, which provides either a geo-political and/or

tectonic or basin spatial reference. T hree levels of

petroleum system certainty are defined by M agoon

(1989) and are utilized below to classify Indonesian

petroleum systems.

K nown Petroleum Systems

A known petroleum system contains a good matchbetween source and accumulation; these systems are

identified by the symbol (!).Twelve known petroleumsystems have been recognized in Indonesia; together

these systems account for 70% of Indonesia's EUR

discovered to date. The most prolif ic knownpetroleum system is the Central Sumatra: Pematang-

Sihapas(!) System with EUR of 12.8 BBOE.

Hypothetical Petmleum Systems

A hypothetical petroleum system contains at least oneproven accumulation, an identified source, but no

geochemical match between source and accumulation;

these systems are identified by the symbol (.). Thispaper identifies twenty-two hypothetical petroleum

systems in I ndonesia; these systems together account

for 30% of I ndonesia's E UR discovered to date. Themost prolific system in this category is the East

Natuna:Tertiary-Terumbu(.) System with EUR of 7.6

BBOE.



3

Speculative Petroleum Systems

A speculative petroleum system contains no

penetrations of the source pod and no proven

petroleum accumulations, but the presence of both is

postulated on the basis of geologic andlor geophysicalevidence. This category is identified by the symbol('?).

There are twenty speculative petroleum systems

named in this paper; many more undoubtedly exist.

The highest potential systems in this category

probably lie in Eastern Indonesia.

DISCOVERY PROCESS

Examination of the process of reserve addition

through new field discovery can yield valuable

insights on the maturity, complexity and economic li feof a particular province, basin, play or petroleum

system. The typical method employed to examine

discovery process is to generate a graph that plots

cumulative reserves in discovery order. CumulativeEU R for gas and hydrocarbon liquids are plotted on

the vertical axis in mil li ons of barrels of oi l equivalent(MMBOE), while the number of fields, in discovery

order, is plotted on the horizontal axis. The horizontal

axis therefore represents a highly non-l inear time scale

calibrated by the dates of discovery of each field. Data

for country-wide reserve additions have been plotted

using this methodology (F igures 1-3), and a number ofgraphs have also been generated for the more

signi fi cant productive petroleum systems in Indonesia(Figures 6 to 15). Note that different vertical scales

are used from graph to graph depending on each

system's EUR.

In most cases the discovery process graph represents

the col lective wisdom and folly of l iterally hundreds

of explorationists and decision makers over the life of

a productive play or petroleum system. The order in

which fields and their associated reserves are

discovered is a direct measure of the petroleumindustry's exploration efficiency. This simplistic

analysis is obviously complicated by factors such as

accessibility, improvemefits in technology, and

changing economic climates, but most discoveryprocess charts illustrate the relatively efficient capture

of the largest accumulations early in the exploration

life of a petroleum system. This phenomenon isimportant for resource assessment, asmean field sizescalculated from historical data or projected for frontier

areas will normally vary significantly from one

exploration phase to the next. In most cases the

majority of petroleum system reserves wi ll be

captured early in the exploration process, while

remaining reserve addition in very mature areas can

usually be predicted with some accuracy from theextrapolation of existing trends.

Three basic patterns can be discerned from the

discovery process graphs generated for Indonesian

systems: the classic convex upward "creaming" curve

indicative of efficient exploration, a straight line or

random curve indicating neutral eff iciency, and aconcave upward curve reflecting ineffi ciency and late

discovery of major reserves. Each pattern is discussed

separately below. The majority of Indonesian

petroleum systems fall clearly into an efficient

discovery process pattern.

High ExpIoration Efficiency

a. Central Sumatra: Pematang-Sihapas(!) System

This system (Figure 6) is the best example in

Indonesia of a high efficiency discovery process.

A sharply convex upward curve clearly shows

three distinct exploration periods. The initial

phase with an almost vertical slope includes the

Duri and M inas Field discoveries and captures

65% of system reserves with eight discoveries inthe first five years. A second curve segment with

a moderately steep slope covers the period 1945

to 1975 where an additional 25% of system

reserves were discovered in 56 fields. The final

mature exploration phase commenced at around

this time, with the remaining 10% of reserves

being found in over 100 remaining fields. Note

the very low proportion of gas in this system,

presumably due to the oil -prone lacustrine source.

b. South Sumatra: TdangA W ! ) System

The South Sumatra graph (F igure 7) shows asimilar but less pronounced efficiency; here the

initial phase captured 40% of reserves with thefirst 35 discoveries. T he late ramp-up in the gas

discovery curve reflects economically driven

exploration for gas reserves related to domesticmarket opportunities, including the Duri Field

steam lood.



4

c. Sdawati, Tttr,kmand Bait0 Systems

A ll these systems (Figures 8,9,10) show high

exploration efficiency, with well pronounced

initial phases capturing 70% or more of EUR's.

Differences in gas to liquid ratios between thethree systems are well displayed; the

Sa1awati:M iocene-K ais(.) System appears strongly

oil prone, while the Tarakan: Tabul-Tarakan(.)

System appears moderately gas prone.

(1. Northwest J :iv;i Systems

Discovery process graphs for northwest J ava as a

whole and its component petroleum systems are

shown in Figure 11. These systems represent the

most prolific new oil-prone producing area

discovered since Indonesian Independence; totalEUR is 4.0 BBOE including over 2.6 billion

barrels of oi l. The composite curve for the

northwest J ava systems displays moderate

exploration efficiency; however, a late jump is

very evident on the oil curve representing thediscovery of the Widuri Field in 1988.

A breakdown of the composite curve into four

component petroleum systems illustrates how

more insight can be derived by review of

individual petroleum system data. High

exploration eff iciency is clearly seen in the Arjunaand J atibarang system oil discovery curves, whi le

Widuri Field can be properljr recognized as an

early discovery in the entirely new Asri:

Ol igocene-T alang A ka( .) System. This is a good

example of significant reserve addition through

discovery of a new petroleum system in anestablished producing area. Also apparent on these

graphs are the differences in gas to liquid ratios

between various systems, again probably

reflecting source type influence, with the

lacustrine sourced Sunda system having much

lower relative volumes of gas. Discounting theserendipi tous early shallow gas discovery at "L"

Field, the gas discovery curve for Arjuna isstraight or slightly concave upward, reflecting an

early aversion to gas exploration and the later

development of a domestic gas market onshore

J ava. This compares to the A rjuna oil discovery

curve which indicates a mature phase ofexploration has been reached in the search forliquids in this system.

M oderdte Explordtion Efficiency

a K alimantanlK utei: Balikpapan(!) System

The presence of several large "steps" in the

K alim antan/K utei Balikp apan(!) discoveryprocessgraph reflects the presence of at least six giant

fields in this system (Figure 12). Overall both theoil and gas curves indicate efficiency, but the

overall shape and trend of the less efficient gas

discovery curve indicates exploration immaturity

and an increased chance of future significant

discoveries.

b. North Sumatra Systems

This composite curve is overwhelmed by the

presence of a single accumulation, the giant A runField discovered in 1971, which accounts for

almost 70% of basin reserves (Figure 13).Several

petroleum systems are present in North Sumatra

but these have failed to rival A run in EUR. T he

discovery of a second potentially giant gasaccumulation at Kuala Langsa-1 in this province

as late as 1992 (Caughey and W ahyudi, 1993)

serves as a useful reminder and caution that

surprises can occur even when a discovery

process curve looks as mature as that displayed

for North Sumatra. The K uala Langsa trap sits

astride a block boundary in a wetland areaassociated with seismic acquisition problems.

Unfortunately, the discovery well tested over 80%

CO,, making it non-commercial at present.

Neutral Explordtion Efficiency

a West Natuna Systems

While the discovery process curve for WestNatuna (Figure 14) represents a composite of a

number of individual petroleum systems, it may

accurately reflect the overall neutral explorationefficiency experienced in this area. From the

graph it is apparent that almost equal amounts ofgas and liquids have been discovered, even

though gas has no economic value at present inthis location. A dditionally, the largest

accumulation, Belida Field, was discovered

relatively late in the exploration process

(discovery date 1989, field number 20of 25). Theoverall lack of efficiency in West Natuna



5

probably reflects the area's complex geology,

which includes structural inversion, uncertainty of

source type and location, and extensive re-

migration of hydrocarbons (Ginger et al. 1993).

Late ReserveDiscovery

a East J ava Systems

Again, the discovery process graph presented in

Figure 15 represents a composite curve of a

number of separate petroleum systems, although

the majority of these systems share a common

source interval in the Eocene Ngimbang

Formation. The graph serves to illustrate a late

surge in reserve addition, in part economically

driven by development of a domestic market for

gas, but also obviously influenced by complexgeology and possible inefficiency in successful

eastward extension of the proven onshore

petroleum system, which was discovered in 1888.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, historical exploration efficiency in

Indonesia has been high at all scales, including

country wide, province, basin and petroleum systems

levels.

Since Indonesian Independence in 1945, proved

ultimately recoverable petroleum resources in the

Republic of lndonesia have quadrupled from

approximately 12 BBOE to nearly 50 BBOE, with

over 800 new fields having been discovered in

fourteen principal areas.

Over one third of post-independence reserve additions

have come from newly productive petroleum systems.

In recent years exploration has continued to be

rewarding, with an average of two significant

discoveries per year exceeding a reserve size of 50

MMBOE. The balance of reserve addition appears to

be shifting away from oil towards gas. Indonesia has

over twenty producing petroleum systems and many

more as yet non-productive speculative systems.

Three basic patterns in the discovery process curves

for producing systems are recognized: the classic

upwardly convex "creaming" curve reflects' the effect

of early exploration efficiency linked to geologic

controls and is typical of the majority of systems, with

Central Sumatra presenting a classic example. A

random or straight line discovery process is apparent

in West Natuna, where a more complex petroleum

system has inhibited exploration efficiency to date.

Other areas such as East Java show an inverted or

concave upward curve, caused partly by aneconomically driven late surge in large reserve

additions, linked to developing gas markets.

Rapid upward deflections in discovery process curves

are always possible and do occur, caused by the

discovery of new petroleum systems or play types,

overlooked areas, and improvements in technology,

accessibility, or economic conditions. However, the

chance of such upward departures should be

objectively assessed.

Examination of past exploration statistics and patternscan serve as a useful guide for assessing and ranking

remaining opportunities in mature areas, and can also

provide models for resource assessment and

exploration strategy applicable to newly emerging

frontier areas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Atlantic Richfield Indonesia Inc.

and PERTAMINA for permission to publish this

paper. The authors are indebted to Petroconsultants

S.A. for permission to use their Worldwide

Exploration and Production Database as a basic

framework for data compilation; other

Petroconsultants products including their Foreign

Scouting Service and Basin Monitor Reports were

also referred to in preparation of this paper. However,

the actual data presented and conclusions drawn

remain the entire responsibility of the authors and do

not purport to represent the official data or opinions

of Atlantic Richfield, PERTAMINA, Petroconsultants

or any other company.

Special thanks are extended to Dana Coffield for

many stimulating discussions and for review of this

manuscript; both significantly improved this paper.

Thanks also to many other colleagues at ARCO,

includingMarty Robinson, Charles Mitchell, Bo Henk

and Stephen Scott, and to Marlan Downey who first

introduced the principal author to the importance of

discovery process data in resource assessment and

exploration strategy.



6

REFERENCES

This paper, and in particular the compilation ofpetroleum systems in T ables 1 and 2, represents the

synthesis of a very large amount of material; a

complete list of references is therefore not given.Those papers referred to specifi cally in the text arelisted below.

Buck, S.P., and McCulloh, T .H., 1994, Bampo-

Peutu(!) Petroleum System, North Sumatra, Indonesia,

in M agoon L.B. and Dow W.G., Editors, 1994, The

Petroleum System - from Source to T rap, A A PG

M emoir 50, 625-637.

Caughey, C.A ., and Wahyudi, T., 1993, Gas reservoirs

in the L ower M iocene Peutu Formation, Aceh T imur,

Sumatra, Indonesian Petroleum Association, 22nd.A nnual Convention Proceedings, 199-218.

Davidson, J.W., 1991, The Geology and Prospectivity

of Buton Island, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia, Indonesian

Petroleum A ssociation, 20th. Annual ConventionProceedings, 209-221.

Ginger, D.C., A rdjakusumah, W.O., Hedley, R.J ., andPothecary, J ., 1993, Inversion H istory of the West

Natuna Basin: Examples from the Cumi-Cumi PSC,

Indonesian Petroleum Association, 22nd. A nnualConvention Proceedings, 635-658.

M agoon, L.B., Editor, 1989, The Petroleum System -Status of Research and M ethods, 1990, USGS Bulletin

1912, 88p.

M aggon, L.B., and DOW,W.G., 1994, The Petroleum

System, in M agoon L.B. and Dow W.G., Editors,

1994, The Petroleum System - from Source to Trap,AAPG Memoir 50, 3-24.



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TABLE 2

SEL ECT ED SPECULA TIV E INDONESIAN PETROL EUM SY STEM S

SELECT ED INDONESIAN PETROLEUM SYSTEM S WITH NO DISCOVERIESTO DATE

Location Number Petroleum System. Province:Source-Reservoir(Certainty)

A

B l r ian J aydForeland:Mesozoic(?)C lrian Jaya/Meervlakte:Tert iary(?)

D l r ian Jaya/Waipoga:Teriary(?)

E l r ian J aya/Salawati:Permian/Mesozoic(?)

F Maluku/Accretionary Prism:J urassic-J urassic/Cenozoic(?)

G Maluku Arafura SedPassive Margin:Mesozoic-Mesozoic/Cenozoic(?)

H Mal ukul Ha1mahera: Eocene-M ocene(?)

J Sulawesi NE/Gorantalo:Mesozoic(?)

K Sulawesi NW/Lariang-Karama:Teriary(?)

L Sulawesi SWlSalayer-Spermonde:Eccene-Miocene(?)

M Sulawesi WKal osi : Eocene-Neogene( ?)

N Sulawesi SE/Bone:Eocene-Tacipi(?)

P Nusa TenggardForeArc:Tertiary(?)

R KalimantanlAsern-Asem:Eocene-Oligocene(?)S KalimantanlKetungai:Paleogene-Neogene(?)

T Kalimantan/Kutei:Paleogene(?)

W Kal i rnantadMakassar - Lari an: Pal eogene-Neogene(?)

X Java ForeArc :Paleogene(?)

Y Sumatra ForeArc:Paleogene(?)

lrian Jaya/Fold & Thrust Be1t:Mesozoic-Tertiary(?)



9

INDONESIA TOTAL DISCOVEREDEUR: 50 BBOE (>go0 fields)

25000

20000w

2

a15000

3

-z 10000

5

a3>

3-0

5000

0

Natuna Field (1973)

200 400 600 800

Number of Fields in Discovery Order

FIGURE 1 - Indonesia 1885 - 1994 :CumulativeTotal Estimated Ultimate Recovery

POST-INDEPENDENCE DISCOVERIES: 38 BBOE (800 fields)

25000

20000W

8Tunu Field (1977)

15000a3W

a3>

3

10000-Handil Field (1974)s

0

5000

0

200 400 600 800

Post-Indepen denc e Fields in Discovery Order

FIGURE 2 - Indonesia 1945- 1994:Discovery Process Since Independence



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W 400000

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10000

0

+North Sumatra:Bampo-Peutu(!)

East Na una:Tertiary-Terumbu(.)Independence 194

f"lentral Sumatra:Pematang-Sihapas(!) 1939

Falimantan/Kutei:Balikpapan(!) 1897

South Sumatra:Talang Akar(!) 1896I I I

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Petroleum Systems proved productive in Discovery Order

FI GURE3 - Discovery Process Graph for Productive Indonesian Petroleum Systems



1WE

laOE

t

1E

1

E

FG

4-

S

e

e

P

oemS

em

oWeen

n

a



Y

Q

I

I

I

I

5

Q

V

A

FO

E

O

O

b' AWITH

P

P

R

E

M

A

M

A

O

@ S

A

V

P

R

E

M

S

M

- T

E

2

4"N

4

P

P

R

E

M

S

M

- T

E

1

FG

5-

S

e

e

P

oem

S

em

oE

en

n

a



13

1 4 0 0 0

1 2 0 0 0

W1 0 0 0 0

E 8 0 0 0

W6 0 0 0

m

4 0 0 00

2 0 0 0

0

C E N T R A L S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S

First D iscovery: 1939Total EUR: 12.8MMBOEN u m b ~ O il

1944 End F irs t Exp lora t ion Phase

Minas Field

Dud F ield

G a s. .. .. . ~ Z Z: ]] :] : ~] ] ]] : ~ ] ] . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 1 - - -- if : it I . _

- - - - - ~ i . . . . . . _ Z L _ - T . . . . . . .

5 0 1 0 0

F ie lds in D iscove ry Orde r

1 5 0

F I G U R E 6 - Ce ntr a l Sumatr a Com pos i te D i s c ove r y Pr oc e s s Gr aph

3 0 0 0

WO

2 0 0 0

W

1 0 0 0

O

0

S O U T H S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S

First D iscovery: 1900Tota l EU R : 3.5 BBOENumber of Fields: 180

\1965

Pendopo Field

, i ,

5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0

Fie lds in Discovery Order

O il

Ga.,

F I G U R E 7 - S o u t h S u m at ra C o m p o s i t e D i s c o v e r y P r o c e s s G r ap h



14

500

I 400w

Ia:3W

300

1. 100

0

I

SALAWATI: MlOCENE-KAIS (.) SYSTEM

First Discovery: 1936

Total EUR:0.5BBOE

Number o Fields: 40

Oil

Walio Field (1973)

asKasim Field (1972)

20

Fields in Discovery Order

4 0

FIGURE 8 - Salawati :M iocene-K ais (.) System Discovery Process Graph

7 0 0 , TABUL-TARAKAN (.) SYSTEM

1 60 01 500

40 0

300

2 0 0

100

0

as

Bunyu Field (1922)

Pamusian Field

10 20IFirst Discovery: 1900

Total EUR: 1 BBOE

Number of Fields: 35

FIGURE 9 - Tarakan :Tabul-Tarakan (.)

DiscoveryProcess Graph

200 , TANJUNG (!) SYSTEM

100

0

Tanjung Field (7937)

*I 10


Total EUR: 0.2 BBOE


FIGURE 10- Barito :Tanjung(!)

Discovery ProcessGraph



NORTHWESTJAVA SYSTEMS3000 1

1500 -

1000 -

500 -

2 5 0 0

w

532 20002a

2 1500

000

500

0

ASRl System

Widurj Field ( 988)


Total EUR: 4.0 BBOE

Number of Fields: 190 Widuri Field (1988)

Rama Field (1974)

"B " , "En, Jatibarang &i inta Fields (1969-70)

30 60 90 1 2 0 1 5 0 180

Number of Fields in Discovery Order

1 51 101

Arjuna: 2,200 MMB OE (105 fields)

1500

1000

50 0

JATIBARANG System

Jatibarang Field (1969)/

0

1 16 31

Asri: 300 MMBOE (6 fields)

1500

1000

500

0

SUNDA System

1 21 4 1

Jatibarang: 600 MMBOE (32 fields) Sunda: 950 MMBOE (46 fields)

FI GURE 11 - Discovery Process Graphs for Northwest Javaand its four Principal Syst ems



t 6

8 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

6 0 0 0

~ 5 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

E

o 2 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

K U T E h B A L I K P A P A N ( ! ) S Y S T E M

First Discovery: 1900Tota l EUR: 10.7 BBOENumber of Fields: 67 NW Pec iko (1991)

Tunu (1977)

Ga. ,

Nilam

Handi l (1974)

(1970)

Oi l & Condensa te

0 ~ i I i

' 2 0 4 0 6 0

F ie lds in D iscove ry O rde r

F I G U R E 1 2 - K a l i m a n t a n /K u t e i : B a l ik p a p an ( !) S y s t e m D i s co v e r y P r o c e s G r a p h

U .I

= o

= =~E

@

E

O

8 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

6 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

4 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

0

N O R T H S U M A T R A S Y S T E M S

I First Discove ry: 1885• T ota l EUR: >5.0 BBO E

Number of Fields: >80i . , .

G as

Arun Field

Oi l & Condensa te

2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

F ie lds in D iscove ry O rde r

F I G U R E 1 3 - N o r t h S u m a t ra C o m p o s i t e D i s c o v e r y P r o c e s s G r a p h



17

600

500

W

400

5

a

2 3001

100

0

WEST NATUNA SYSTEMS


TotalEUR: 1.0BBOE


10

Fields inDiscovery Order

20

FIGURE 14- West Natuna Composite Discovery Process Graph

900

800

700

2 600za 500

2 400

$ 300

0200

100

0

w

i2.-m

EAST JAVA SYSTEMS


Total EUR: 1.3BBOE


Post- 1980 Gas Discoveries

including Pagerungan (1985) \

Oi l

20 4 0

Fields in Discovery Order60

FIGURE 15- East J ava Composite Discovery Pr ocess Graph

Indonesian Petroleum System, Reserve Additions and Exploratory Efficiency (Howes and Tisnawijaya, 1997)

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