Indian Ocean Maritime Security Threat Update - Intertanko · Indian Ocean Maritime Security Threat Update. 2 ... - Given the number of GCC members in CMF this resolution could impact
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Captain W.J. Nault, USNChief of Staff
Combined Maritime Forces
Indian Ocean Maritime Security Threat Update
22Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
The Importance of the Indian Ocean
Suez-3.8m bbl/day
BAM-3.4m bbl/day
SOH-18m bbl/day
Asia/Pacific-11.2m bbl/day
• 2/3 of the world’s major choke points• 55% of the world’s population• 36% of the world’s economy• 64% of the world’s trade flow• 70% of the world’s trade flow projected
for 2030 will transit through or intersect this region
33Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Event Iceberg
IUU Fishing
Trafficking in Persons
WeaponsIvory
Al ShabaabAQAP
Narcotics
Mass Migration
Robbery
Failed State
DAESH
Civil War
Sugar
Piracy Event Terrorist Event
Charcoal
Potential Threats to Maritime Security
Environmental Neglect
Unknown???
44Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Non-State Threats to Maritime Security
Heroin
Heroin
Hash
Piracy
Weapons
Smack TrackCharcoal
Migration
Refugees
IUU Fishing
ISIS
Al-Shabbab
Taliban
AQAP
AQIS
Weapons
Smuggling
55Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
CounterTerrorism
ROK SGP THA DNK TUR JPN
PAKYEM
BAH KUWUAE
AUS GBRUSANZL
FRA CANKSAGCC
MSOCounter Piracy
GREPORBEL
JDNSEYMLSPHINORNLGERESPITL
CMF National Mandates
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CMF Governing UNSCR’s
UNSCR Subject Matter Key Points
1373 (2001) International Terrorism - Calls on States to work together to prevent and suppress terrorist acts including financing - Provides an overarching legal basis for CTF 150 and 152 operations
1814, et al (2008/9) Somali Piracy - Relates to acts of piracy and armed robbery against vessels off the coast of Somalia- Affirms the UNCLOS as the legal framework applicable to combating piracy- Permits entry into Somali TTW to counter pirates for 6 months- Calls upon States, regional and international organizations to take part actively in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia
1988 (2011) Taliban - Calls upon States to take action against the Taliban actions including supporting acts or activities.- Forms the basis for CTF 150 counter-narcotics operations
2182(2014)2244 (2015)
Charcoal and weapons (Somalia) - Condemns flows of weapons and ammunition supplies to and through Somalia - Authorizes for a period of 12 months for Member States to implement the arms embargo on Somalia and the charcoal ban - Includes inspection of vessels inside Somali TTWs- First UNSCR which refers to CMF
2216 (2015) Weapons Embargo on Yemen - Condemns transfer of weapons to designated Yemeni forces - Only empowers enforcement if weapons are coming from or through a Member State’s territories or by their nationals, or using their flag vessels or aircraft. - Given the number of GCC members in CMF this resolution could impact upon operations- The UN Panel of Experts has sought CMF involvement in enforcing this resolution
77Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
United Nations & UNODC
• Narcotics and Legal Finish
• Compendium of Drug Seizures
• CMF now considered the UN’s technical “Maritime Expert”
• CMF has been called to update UNODC, UNSC
• Close and ongoing cooperation with the Somalia- Eritrea Monitoring Group (SEMG)
• Growing cooperation with the Al Qaida-TalibanMonitoring Team (AQTMT)
88Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Indian Ocean Forum on Maritime Crime (IOFMC)
UN sponsored “umbrella” organization chartered by the United Nations (UNODC) to consider the range of maritime security challenges in the region.
IOFMC “Pillars”üHeroine TraffickingüHuman Trafficking
üWildlife/ Forest Crime (e.g., ivory)
ü Charcoal
Potential Future PillarsIllegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU)
Weapons smugglingIllegal Dumping
TerrorismPiracy
Each Pillar will stand up a technical and political/ strategic working group
99Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Outreach
Communication with the merchant industry and civilian partners remains a strategic priority for CMF.
Share Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE)Marine Information Exchange Vessel Operators Meeting (MIEVOM)
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS)OPV Conferences
Maritime Security Events
1111Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Counter-Piracy Success
Piracy business model
suppressed
BMP/AST
Military Commitment Legal Finish
The “Big Question”
What happens if weremove a leg of the stool?
1212Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Piracy Resurgence
Capability
Intent Opportunity
ü SupressedONLY
❌Observed
❌Assessed to persist
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A History of Somalia Piracy
Last piracy attack.Last successful piracy.
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Current Intel Assessment on PiracyPhysical Environment:• NE monsoon influencing weather throughout
AOR • Favorable conditions around GOA & HOA with
marginal/ unfavorable conditions in SB
Shipping Routes:• High traffic in BAM, GOA and GOO• Medium traffic in SB
Assessment based on Recent Data / Information:• No piracy attack reported in past year
• Fewer skiffs/ whalers encountered at sea but extensive IUU fishing activity continues off Somali coast. Possible concealment of piracy preparations among legitimate activity cannot be ruled out.
• Foreign IUU FVs can also trigger tensions between local authorities & fishermen.
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Recent Suspicious Incidents
FV SIRAJ
Date Taken: 23 MarDate Grounded: 15 Sep
FV JABER
Date Taken: 23 MarDate Escaped: 27 Aug
FV MUHAMADDI
Date Taken: 22 NovDate Escaped: 28 Nov
2020Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
65 E
60 E
55E
50 E
45 E
00 N
05 N
10 N
15 N
20 N
70 E
75 E
40 E
25N
Only registered vessels not in port nor at anchorage
50%50%
59%
41%
60%
40%22%
78%
87%
13%
39%
61%
PAST
NO PAST
Armed Security 2015
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Arabian Sea Indian Coast GOAPAST NO-PAST Total PAST NO-PAST PAST NO-PAST Total PAST NO-PAST PAST NO-PAST
jan 1466 2161 3627 40.4% 59.6% 998 3149 4147 24.1% 75.9% 61% 39%feb 1294 1827 3121 41.5% 58.5% 741 2611 3352 22.1% 77.9% 63% 37%march 1566 2438 4004 39.1% 60.9% 944 3384 4328 21.8% 78.2% 63% 37%april 1426 2649 4075 35.0% 65.0% 991 3566 4557 21.7% 78.3% 57% 43%may 1588 2794 4382 36.2% 63.8% 1017 4999 6016 16.9% 83.1% 59% 41%june 1715 2946 4661 36.8% 63.2% 1094 4096 5190 21.1% 78.9% 58% 42%july 1775 2848 4623 38.4% 61.6% 966 3903 4869 19.8% 80.2% 60% 40%august 1536 2570 4106 37.4% 62.6% 888 3348 4236 21.0% 79.0% 59% 41%september 1656 2887 4543 36.5% 63.5% 981 3768 4749 20.7% 79.3% 59% 41%october 1228 2449 3677 33.4% 66.6% 747 3236 3983 18.8% 81.2% 59% 41%november 1429 2933 4362 32.8% 67.2% 968 3785 4753 20.4% 79.6% 57% 43%december 1054 2278 3332 31.6% 68.4% 660 3109 3769 17.5% 82.5% 54% 46%
MSCHOA - PAST 2015
0.0%5.0%
10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0%
PAST 2015
Arabian Sea PAST Indian Coast PAST
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
GOA PAST 2015
- 5.0%
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66.0%68.0%70.0%72.0%74.0%76.0%78.0%80.0%82.0%84.0%
Arabian Sea / Indian Coast 2015
Arabian Sea registered Indian Coast registered
- 5.1%
- 4.6%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
GOA 2015 registered
MSCHOA Registration 2015Arabian Sea Indian Coast GOA
registerednot-
registered Total registerednot-
registered registerednot-
registered Total registerednot-
registered registerednot-
registeredjan 3627 871 4498 80.6% 19.4% 4147 892 5039 82.3% 17.7% 92% 8%feb 3121 731 3852 81.0% 19.0% 3352 798 4150 80.8% 19.2% 93% 7%march 3751 1037 4788 78.3% 21.7% 4036 1114 5150 78.4% 21.6% 93% 7%april 4075 1087 5162 78.9% 21.1% 4557 1224 5781 78.8% 21.2% 90% 10%may 4382 1199 5581 78.5% 21.5% 4999 1130 6129 81.6% 18.4% 92% 8%june 4661 1225 5886 79.2% 20.8% 5190 1349 6539 79.4% 20.6% 92% 8%july 4623 1171 5794 79.8% 20.2% 4869 1121 5990 81.3% 18.7% 91% 9%august 4106 1144 5250 78.2% 21.8% 4236 971 5207 81.4% 18.6% 91% 9%september 4543 1500 6043 75.2% 24.8% 4749 1141 5890 80.6% 19.4% 90% 10%october 3677 1116 4793 76.7% 23.3% 3983 1120 5103 78.1% 21.9% 90% 10%november 4214 1466 5680 74.2% 25.8% 4576 1331 5907 77.5% 22.5% 90% 10%december 3332 1319 4651 71.6% 28.4% 3769 1360 5129 73.5% 26.5% 91% 9%
2323Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
2015
Merchant Routing2013
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
16.00
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
RegistrationAverage SpeedActual AverageSpeed by LRIT
2424Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Somali Piracy Prisoners - KenyaStatus Detained By Number of Prisoners (Sentence) Total
Convicted Denmark 24 164 Tried147 Convicted
99 Remaining in Kenya
48 Post-sentence repatriations10 in 2011 7 to Puntland in November 2013 7 to Puntland in January 2014 7 + 11 to Puntland in February 20146 to Puntland in August 2015
EUNAVFOR (Spain) 4 (7 years)
EUNAVFOR (Germany) 9 (5 years)
United States 7 (4 years)
United States 9 (5 years)
EUNAVFOR (Sweden) 7 (7 years)
EUNAVFOR (Germany) 7 (20 years)
EUNAVFOR (France) 11 (5 years)*
United States 10 (8 years) Sentence complete
United Kingdom 8 (10 years)
EUNAVFOR (Germany) 7 (5 years) Sentence complete
EUNAVFOR (Spain) 7 (5 years)
EUNAVFOR (France) 11(20 years)
United Kingdom 6 (5 years)
EUNAVFOR (Spain) 7 (4.5 years) Sentence complete
EUNAVFOR (Italy) 9 (7 years)
Denmark 4 (3 ½ years)
Acquitted United States 17 17 Acquitted17 Repatriated in December 2010
Courtesy of the UNODC
2525Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Somali Piracy Prisoners - SeychellesStatus Detained By Number of Prisoners (Sentence) Total
On Remand EUNAVFOR (France) 5 5 On remand
Convicted Denmark 4 (3 x 24 years, 1 x 16 years, 2 x acquitted on appeal)
142 Tried138 Convicted
17 Remaining in Seychelles
96 Prisoner transfers17 to Somaliland Mar 1212 to Somaliland Dec 125 to Puntland Dec 12
25 to Puntland Mar 138 to Puntland May13
11 to Puntland Oct 13 18 to Puntland March 14
12 Post-sentence repatriations1 to Puntland Aug 125 to Puntland Oct 13 3 to Puntland May14 2 to Puntland Oct 141 to Mogadishu Dec 15
Denmark 4 (1 x 21 years, 3 x acquitted on appeal)
Netherlands 6 (5 x 24 years, 1 x 12 years) (1 x acquitted on appeal and 5 sentence reduced to 12 years)
Netherlands 11 (6 x 16 yrs, 3 x 5 yrs, 1 x 4 yrs, 1 x 1.5 yrs)
EUNAVFOR (France) 11 (6 years)
EUNAVFOR (Spain) 11 (10 years)
EUNAVFOR (Netherlands) 9 (7 x 6 years), 2 x juvenile acquitted (7 x acquitted on appeal)
Seychelles Coastguard 11 (10 years), 10 (20 years), 6 (24 years),5 (18 years), 9 (8 x 22 years, 1 x juvenile acquitted)
United Kingdom 7 (6 x 7 years, 1 x 2 years)
United Kingdom 14 (3 x 2.5 years, 8 x 12 years, 1 x pleaded guilty 10 years, 1 x juvenile time served, 1 x juvenile acquitted)
United States 15 (13 x 18 years, 2 x 4 years)
Denmark 9 (8 x 14 years, 1 x 3 years)
2626Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Acquitted United KingdomSeychelles Coastguard EUNAVFOR (Netherlands)DenmarkDenmarkEUNAVFOR (Netherlands)Netherlands
11 23271
17 Acquitted17 Repatriations post acquittal 1 to Puntland Aug 121 to Puntland May 142 to Puntland Sept 143 to Puntland Feb 152 to Puntland July 158 to Mogadishu Dec 15
Seychelles (cont’d)
MauritiusStatus Detained By Number of Prisoners (Sentence) Total
Awaiting Retrial
EUNAVFOR (France)
12 12
2929Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Narcotics Seizures (July 15-Jan 16)4FV BALUCHISTAN
COIFVB – 13 Dec 2015Boarded by MEL216KG HEROIN
4
FV AL SADIQUI 2COIFVB – 26 Dec 2015Boarded by MEL118KG HEROIN
5
51
FV AL MEERCOIFVB – 30 Sep 2015Boarded by MEL427KG HEROIN
2
FV NAVSIRCOIFVB – 24 Sep 2015Boarded by MELWeapons
1
2
3
FV AL OMIRCOIFVB – 30 Nov 2015Boarded by MEL140KG HEROIN
3
6
6
FV MANSOURCOIFVB – 29 JAN 2016Boarded by MEL65KG HEROIN
3030Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Narcotics Seizures
Heroin:2012: 1000 kg/ $480 M 2013: 2044 kg/ $987 M 2014: 3399 kg/ $1.721 B 2015: 1700 kg/ $1.082 B
Hashish:2012: 816 kg/ $11 M2013: 6249 kg/ $82 M2014: 18490 kg/ $244 M2015: 0 kg
Four Year Total: 25555 kg
$337 Million
Four Year Total: 8143 kg
$3.323 Billion
3131Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
Heroin Seizures
Source: UNODC
CMF
(Total estimated production)
3333Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
• Popular in Gulf States• Provides income to Al-
Shabaab• Environmental devastation
in Somalia• Export banned by UN
(UNSCR 2182 / 2244)
Charcoal Update
3434Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
MSV RAJ MILAN Boarded: 16 Mar 15 24,721 bag from Kismayo, Somalia to Dubai, UAEOutcome: Information relayed to Dubai
Charcoal Boardings
MSV AL SAHEBABoarded: 10 JUL 15 30,000 25kg bags from Kismayo, Somalia to Dubai, UAEOutcome: Information relayed to UN SEMG
MSV VIRAT IBoarded: 11 JUL 15 26,500 25kg bags likely from Somalia but reported as Dar EsSalam, Tanzania to Sarjah, UAEOutcome: Information relayed to UN SEMG
MV AL SAHEBA
MV VIRAT I
UNCLASSIFIED
3535Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
MV NASIR – 25 September 2015 HMAS MELBOURNE
USS FORREST SHERMAN
Weapons Seizure
3636Combined Maritime Forces Ready Together
- Evolve the strategic future of CMF to address the range of MSO- Expansion of CMF nation mandates- New members- Expand counter-terrorism remit- Key Leader Engagement- Refine weapon seizure policies and procedures- Partner with UNODC to pursue narcotics legal finish- Representation on IOFMC pillar WG’s- Monitor EUNAVFOR mandate status- Maritime Situational Awareness “way ahead”- Work with UN to develop operationally functional UNSCR’s- Monitor and assist FGS maritime capacity development
Priorities Moving Forward
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