Imperialism Old & New Imperialism. Imperialism Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) Old vs. New Imperialism.
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ImperialismOld & New Imperialism
Imperialism Definition: the control of one people by
another (can be political, economic or cultural)
Old vs. New Imperialism
“Old Imperialism” Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries European powers did not usually acquire territory
(except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations
Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.
Economic penetration of non-European regions in the 19th century
New Imperialism Began in 1870s colonized Asia and Africa
by using military force to take control of local governments
Exploiting local economies for raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry
Imposing Western values to benefit the “backwards” colonies.
Japan Only major Asian
power to resist being swallowed up by the imperialists.
Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.): forced Japan to open trade in 1853
Japan Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized
and became an imperial power by late 19th century
Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West
Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russia and Japan both had designs on
Manchuria and Korea Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-
Siberian Railway across Manchuria Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea
and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently.
Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.
Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth (mediated by U.S.
president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island
Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, Russian Revolution, and revolt of Asia in 20th century (Asians hoped to emulate Japan power and win their independence); annexation of Korea
Asia France: Jules Ferry – Indochina Britain: Burma, Malay Peninsula, North Borneo Germany: certain Pacific islands Russia: Persia, outlying provinces of China Spanish-American War, 1898: U.S. defeated
Spain, took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii. Responses to Western Imperialism in Asia
India was the jewel of the British Empire Mogul Empire: Muslims empire in Indian
subcontinent fell apart in the 17th century
US Secured unequal treaty with Samoa for
naval station Agreed to share between US, Brit and
Germany. 1893 US sugar planters overthrew Queen
Liliukalani and asked US govern to take over
Helped Philippines against Spain and then took it – modernized Philippines.
Siam- buffer between France and Britain’s empires. Survives as King Mongkut studied west Learned languages, modern science and
math Reformed government and modernized
army Hired westerners to modernize Allowed some women’s rights and
abolished slavery
Canada 1763 France lost Canada to Britain 1791 Brit created 2 provinces English
speaking and French speaking. 1840 Durham Report reunited Canada with
elected representative body for domestic issues. Britain for foreign affairs and trade.
1867 Dominion of Canada – British crown but almost full self government.
Canada Native peoples pushed into western area Rule by European descendants Modernization Immigration from all over French speaking Canadians wanted own
state
Australia 1770s US revolution closed US to Britain as
penal colony 1770 Captain James Cook claimed
Australia for Britain as used for convicts 1788 1st convicts sent for stealing bread,
books etc and had to clear land to build. 1800 offers of free land to settlers
Australia 1851 Gold Rush brought more people Settled as ranchers and farmers Worry about other Western powers claiming
Australia, Britain gave self rule 1901 Commonwealth of Australia with
Britain monarch. (British descendants) Votes for women and secret ballot.
New Zealand 1769 claimed by Captain Cook. 1814 Missionaries arrived Settlers attracted by climate and soil. Maoris fought but eventually lost and
population fell 1907 NZ demanded self rule and as govern
would be all Brit descendents won it 1893 1st votes for women
Wht? Why Canada, Australia and New Zealand
little trouble getting independence from Britain?
Latin America Had already been colonized in 1700s by
Spain, Portugal, Dutch, Brit, France By 1840 had won independence and set up
own countries. Inequalities of class, limited rights,
weakened by regionalism Local leaders (caudillos) with private armies
Latin America Power struggles, corruption Britain and US trying to replace Spain and
Portugal economically with trade etc. Economic success but money at top of
society Mestizos, mulattoes, blacks and native
Indios suffered the most
Latin America and US Monroe Doctrine – European countries stay
out of political affairs of Americas. War for Texas won by USA. Reforms in Mexico attempted. 1898 US war with Spain gave US Puerto
Rico, bases in Cuba and rights for Panama Canal.
1904 Roosevelt Corollary claimed international police power in Americas.
European Migration Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million
people left Europe Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited
areas: North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and Siberia.
European migration provided further impetus for Western expansion
Most were poor from rural areas, though seldom from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies)
England’s Empire By 1900, Britain controlled 1/5 of world's
territory: including Australia, Canada, India "The Empire upon which the sun never
sets": Possible to travel around world by railroad & sea, moving only through British territories.
Anti-Imperialism? J. A. Hobson believed imperialism
benefited only the wealthy anti-imperialism increased
Impact of Imperialism See text book Ch 13 section 5.
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