Imperialism Old & New Imperialism. Imperialism Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) Old vs. New Imperialism.

ImperialismOld & New Imperialism

Imperialism Definition: the control of one people by

another (can be political, economic or cultural)

Old vs. New Imperialism

“Old Imperialism” Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries European powers did not usually acquire territory

(except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations

Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.

Economic penetration of non-European regions in the 19th century

New Imperialism Began in 1870s colonized Asia and Africa

by using military force to take control of local governments

Exploiting local economies for raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry

Imposing Western values to benefit the “backwards” colonies.

Japan Only major Asian

power to resist being swallowed up by the imperialists.

Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.): forced Japan to open trade in 1853

Japan Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized

and became an imperial power by late 19th century

Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russia and Japan both had designs on

Manchuria and Korea Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-

Siberian Railway across Manchuria Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea

and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently.

Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth (mediated by U.S.

president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island

Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, Russian Revolution, and revolt of Asia in 20th century (Asians hoped to emulate Japan power and win their independence); annexation of Korea

Asia France: Jules Ferry – Indochina Britain: Burma, Malay Peninsula, North Borneo Germany: certain Pacific islands Russia: Persia, outlying provinces of China Spanish-American War, 1898: U.S. defeated

Spain, took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii. Responses to Western Imperialism in Asia

India was the jewel of the British Empire Mogul Empire: Muslims empire in Indian

subcontinent fell apart in the 17th century

US Secured unequal treaty with Samoa for

naval station Agreed to share between US, Brit and

Germany. 1893 US sugar planters overthrew Queen

Liliukalani and asked US govern to take over

Helped Philippines against Spain and then took it – modernized Philippines.

Siam- buffer between France and Britain’s empires. Survives as King Mongkut studied west Learned languages, modern science and

math Reformed government and modernized

army Hired westerners to modernize Allowed some women’s rights and

abolished slavery

Canada 1763 France lost Canada to Britain 1791 Brit created 2 provinces English

speaking and French speaking. 1840 Durham Report reunited Canada with

elected representative body for domestic issues. Britain for foreign affairs and trade.

1867 Dominion of Canada – British crown but almost full self government.

Canada Native peoples pushed into western area Rule by European descendants Modernization Immigration from all over French speaking Canadians wanted own

state

Australia 1770s US revolution closed US to Britain as

penal colony 1770 Captain James Cook claimed

Australia for Britain as used for convicts 1788 1st convicts sent for stealing bread,

books etc and had to clear land to build. 1800 offers of free land to settlers

Australia 1851 Gold Rush brought more people Settled as ranchers and farmers Worry about other Western powers claiming

Australia, Britain gave self rule 1901 Commonwealth of Australia with

Britain monarch. (British descendants) Votes for women and secret ballot.

New Zealand 1769 claimed by Captain Cook. 1814 Missionaries arrived Settlers attracted by climate and soil. Maoris fought but eventually lost and

population fell 1907 NZ demanded self rule and as govern

would be all Brit descendents won it 1893 1st votes for women

Wht? Why Canada, Australia and New Zealand

little trouble getting independence from Britain?

Latin America Had already been colonized in 1700s by

Spain, Portugal, Dutch, Brit, France By 1840 had won independence and set up

own countries. Inequalities of class, limited rights,

weakened by regionalism Local leaders (caudillos) with private armies

Latin America Power struggles, corruption Britain and US trying to replace Spain and

Portugal economically with trade etc. Economic success but money at top of

society Mestizos, mulattoes, blacks and native

Indios suffered the most

Latin America and US Monroe Doctrine – European countries stay

out of political affairs of Americas. War for Texas won by USA. Reforms in Mexico attempted. 1898 US war with Spain gave US Puerto

Rico, bases in Cuba and rights for Panama Canal.

1904 Roosevelt Corollary claimed international police power in Americas.

European Migration Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million

people left Europe Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited

areas: North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and Siberia.

European migration provided further impetus for Western expansion

Most were poor from rural areas, though seldom from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies)

England’s Empire By 1900, Britain controlled 1/5 of world's

territory: including Australia, Canada, India "The Empire upon which the sun never

sets": Possible to travel around world by railroad & sea, moving only through British territories.

Anti-Imperialism? J. A. Hobson believed imperialism

benefited only the wealthy anti-imperialism increased

Impact of Imperialism See text book Ch 13 section 5.