Immigrants and Workers. Industrialization.

Immigrants and Workers

Industrialization

1890

No place with less than 2 people per

square mile

1920

More people lived in cities than countryside

Steel mills

Rail yards

Textile mills

Clothing factories

Mines

Farms

Diversity

Diversity

Religious

Cultural

National

Diversity

Marriage

Child care

Women and child labor

Diversity

Mobile

Diversity

Mobile

Earnings and employment unstable

Diversity

Mobile

Earnings and employment unstable

Recessions

Depressions

Diversity

Mobile

Earnings and employment unstable

Consumer demand

Overproduction

Diversity

Mobile

Earnings and employment unstable

Inclement weather

Technological displacement

1849

Irish Potato Famine

Coffin Ships

Coffin Ships

1830s

1800

5,000 per year

1830s

600,000 per year

1840s

1.5 million per year

1850s

2.8 million per year

1877-1890

6 million

1890-1914

18 million

Prior to 1890s

Western and Northern Europe

After 1890s

Southern and Eastern Europe

Employment

Language

Culture

Housing

Family values

Family Strategies

Family StrategiesSubordination of individuals for

sake of collective family

Family StrategiesSubordination of individuals for sake of collective family

Key decisions based on good of family, not individuals

Family StrategiesSubordination of individuals for sake of collective family

Key decisions based on good of family, not individuals

One daughter remained unmarried

“Family Economy”

“Family Economy”

Decision making product of collective needs rather than

individual preferences

1882

Family living costs one third higher than earnings of head of

household

1900

Richest 2% owned 1/3 wealth

1900

Richest 10% owned 3/4 wealth

Child labor

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

Horace Greeley

$10.37 – family of five

$10.37 – family of five

Shoemaker = $4

$10.37 – family of five

Shoemaker = $4

Cabinet maker = $5

$10.37 – family of five

Shoemaker = $4

Cabinet maker = $5

Textile worker = $6.50 m

$3.50 f

$10.37 – family of five

Shoemaker = $4

Cabinet maker = $5

Textile worker = $6.50 m

$3.50 f

$10.37 – family of five

Shoemaker = $4

Cabinet maker = $5

Textile worker = $6.50 m

$3.50 f

Unskilled = $1

1.Children too young to work

1.Children too young to work

2.Later in life

Ethnic Diversity

Ethnic Diversity

Higher birthrates

Ethnic DiversityHigher birthrates

Boarders

Ethnic DiversityHigher birthrates

Boarders

More child labor

Ethnic DiversityHigher birthrates

Boarders

More child labor

Different fam. patterns

Factory Work

Rural Families

Before 1880

70% all Americans lived in towns and

villages of less than 2,500 people

$754 per year

60% = $450 per year

$754 per year

60% = $450 per year

scrip

10% white

20% black

1924

Emergency Quota Act

Immigration Act