I-SEE Bath, 15.11.11 Brenda Boardman Emeritus Fellow ECI University of Oxford.
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I-SEE
Bath, 15.11.11
Brenda Boardman
Emeritus Fellow
ECI
University of Oxford
Symptoms
• Debt:– Elderly don’t get into debt: know they can
never repay– Families will get into debt, to keep babies/
children warm
• Disconnections – strongly driven by utility policy. Always an alternative
GB disconnections
Excess winter deaths - England Year Excess deaths
1999-2000 45,650
2000-1 23,290
2001-2 25,790
2002-3 22,620
2003-4 21,930
2004-5 29,740
2005-6 23,740
2006-7 22,380
2007-8 23,290
2008-9 34,200
2009-10 24,000
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D7089.xls
Vulnerable
• Misleading descriptor
• 71% of 2008 English households contained someone who is:– elderly– Young (<16)– disabled or– long-term sick
Definition
• A household is in fuel poverty if it needs to spend more than 10% of its income on fuel to maintain a satisfactory heating regime and all other energy services
• 10% = UK definition• Twice the median (as a proportion of
expenditure) = possible EU definition
Affordable warmth
10% of income for all
energy services
Energy efficiency
of the dwelling
24 hour mean
internal temperature
of 18°Cand all other
energy services
} {
Fuel poverty, England
$80/b
$50/b
$20/b
Today?
Hills review - debate
Household expenditure on fuelUK 2007
30% of households with lowest
incomes
70% other
Average
Weekly fuel expenditure
£12.73 £19.14 £17.22
% of all expenditure on fuel
6.1% 3.4% 3.8%
Income + housing
Low income High incomeEnergy
inefficient housing
Energy efficient housing
Heating costs: low-income, pensioner couple
Present £6.65
For adequate warmth
a) existing poorly insulated home
• poor heating system £16.15 + £9.50
• efficient heating system £10.35 + £3.70
b) well insulated home
• efficient heating system £5.65 - £1.00
Housing energy standards:fuel poverty and climate
change
Transforming housing
Fuel poor pensionersEngland 2008
Over 60 with children others
Fuel poor households Pensioner households
24% in fuel poverty
49%
Identification
• Simple method, for the doorstep, a ‘passport’, eg– receipt of a state benefit / pension
• Sophisticated method of monitoring• Political decisions first, eg
– priority for families or pensioners?– equivalisation– role of rent
Fuel prices and cost of government policy – 2008/9
RO (UK)
CERT (GB)
EUETS (UK)
Total
Electricity customers
£11 £19 £31 £61
Gas customers
NA £19 NA £19
Total £80
Real problem: fuel prices
• World fuel prices rising, consistently
• Government policy paid through utility bills
• Liberalised market worsens fuel poverty
• utilities focus price reductions on active, profitable market = rich
• Poor left paying highest prices
= Stronger regulation, more government concern for fuel poverty and new tariffs
Carbon emission factors
gCO2/kWh Gas 190 LPG 250 Oil 270 Coal 290 Electricity - 2008 Electricity -2030
540
50
SAP and non-SAP
Energy (kWh)
£ Carbon
SAP: space and water heating, fixed lighting
85% 58% 68%
Non-SAP: other lights, all appliances
15% 42% 32%
Synergies: fuel poverty and climate change
In UK:
• Poorest people concentrated in worst housing
• Upgrade to super energy-efficient, low-carbon housing
• Fuel poverty = SAP 81 @ 1,200,000 pa
• Climate change = SAP 100 @ 680,000 pa
Low-carbon zones
• One per local authority
• Where fuel poor concentrated
• Ensure every home out of fuel poverty by 2013, SAP 81
• Do street-by-street
• CHP + waste / community schemes
Who pays?
• Substantial costs
• At no capital cost to the poor
• Cannot identify the fuel poor
• No need to subsidise the rich
• Through fuel prices?
• Through income tax?
• Release the equity in the building?
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