I. Introduction · races selection bred (IR8 - IR72) Indica hybrids design hybrids Progress in the yield potential of rice in the tropics II. Evolution of rice production practices
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Rice and the Filipinos: The Last 100 yearsRice and the Filipinos: The Last 100 years
Chapter 2: The Evolution of Rice Production Practices
Chapter 2: The Evolution of Rice Production Practices
I. Introduction
• Rice production trends over time
• Varieties and their role in the evolution of rice production practices
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Figure 1. Area harvested and palay yield (1902-1972)
Figure 2. Area harvested and palay yield (1970-2002)
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Trad
ition
al v
arie
ties,
tall
Impr
oved
var
ietie
s, c
onve
ntio
nal t
all
Intermediate height
C4-63, BPI-76, IR5;Upland (PSB, NSIC);Rainfed (PSB,NSIC)
1946 2001Year
1968
Stan
dard
var
ietie
s, c
onve
ntio
nal t
all
Are
a sh
are
(%)
010
0
Semidwarf
IR8 to IR74;BPI 3-2 to BPI Ri-12;Irrigated (PSB, NSIC)Saline (PSB, NSIC);Cool (PSB, NSIC)
Rice varieties
Hybrids (PSB, NSIC,Seed Co. )
Trad
ition
al v
arie
ties,
tall
Impr
oved
var
ietie
s, c
onve
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Mod
ern
var
ietie
s, s
emid
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f, in
term
edia
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eigh
t
20011968
Stan
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var
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S 1 S 2 S 3
1946Year
Are
a sh
are
(%)
010
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Variety adoption sequence
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Over the last 100 years thus . . .
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1900 1930 1950 1965 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Land Pureline Cross Semidwarfs Indica/ NPT Crop-races selection bred (IR8 - IR72) Indica hybrids design
hybrids
Progress in the yield potential of rice in the tropics
II. Evolution of rice production practices
A. Yield Enhancing Practices
B. Labor-saving Practices
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A. Yield Enhancing Practices1. Variety
• 1900-1960 (Traditional period)
• 1961-1988 (Green Revolution era)
• 1989-present (Modern period)
3. Crop Establishment and Care
• 1900-1960
• 1961-1988
• 1989-present
2. Water Management
• 1900-1960
• 1961-1988
• 1989-present
Traditional period:
1900-1960
Green Revolution
Era:
1961-1988
Modern times:
1989-present
Milagrosa (from USA), Wagwag, Buenavista (Kasungsong), Ketan Koeteok from French Indo-China, Fortuna from Formosa, Celery Sticks = 20-30 cavans/haRamai x native Inadhica varieties of the Raminad Strain 3 (also known as Quezon Rice)
Buenkitan (Buenavista and Ketan Koetek), Milketan, the Milfor (Milagrosa x Formusa) and Milbuen(Milagrosa x Buenkitan.
IR8, cross between Dee-gee-won and Indonesian variety Peta = 273 cav/ha at shorter duration of only 125 days
BPI-76 at150 cav/ha at 120 days, and the C4-63 at 65-195 cav//ha at 120-140 days
PSB and NSIC varieties, with IR 64 still the most popularly planted at 5tons/ha at 113 days
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• Since 1521, rice has been documented to had been under cultivation in different parts of the Philippines.
• Its cultivation took place only during the rainy season where water is plenty while leaving most of the land idle during dry season.
• In 1840, the Spanish government started construction of irrigation systems and succeeded in irrigating 27,798 hectares during the dry season.
Ancient Times
• Under the American administration, the first irrigation system in Tarlac, San Miguel Irrigation System, was built in 1913 (Camus, 1929)
• Subsequently, the Irrigation Act (Legislature Act No 2152) authorized construction of more irrigation systems
During that time, 16 irrigations systems were completed and distributed in 15 rice-producing provinces. Additional areas were irrigated by the systems reaching as many as 100,000 hectares.
Traditional period (1900-1960)
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In 1939
• 30% of the total acreage planted to rice was served with irrigation system
⇒ only few farms have sufficient supply of water to support two rice croppings per year (Alfonso and Catambay, 1948). This may explained why most of the farmers in the irrigated areas practiced intermittent irrigation.
• 70% was still totally dependent on rainfall.
• In 1951, in response to the insufficiency of rice production, the Irrigation Service Unit (ISU) was launched as the pump irrigation program (Sta Iglesiaand Lawas, 1959)
211 pumps were installed from 1952-57 for organized farmer irrig. associations, paid in 10 amortizations at 6% interest.
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Small water impounding pond
• Massive investments in irrigation infrastructure in the late 1960’s
Green Revolution Era (1961-1989)
Construction of dams
Rehabilitated old canals
• Construction of the Pantabangan Dam
• Establishment of the NIA-UPRIIS
• Planting of early maturing variety
Α increased production area
Α increased yield at 3.6% per annum
Α 40% increase in irrigated area
Α A second crop was given importance after 1967-68
Also:
Α weeding time was reduced
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35.8%97%Combined
52.5%99%Direct seeding
13.5%92%Transplanting
AfterBefore Crop Establishment
Weeding duration was reduced with the availability of water in the paddy:
Modern times (1989- present)
• Technology on intermittent irrigation was revived
• Drought resistant varieties developed
• Aerobic Rice technology to combat El Nino-La Nina phenomena
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Secano or Hasik or Dalatan
Dry land preparation, dry seed and dry planting: furrow
seeding and dibbling Tubigan transplanted in puddled fields
Sabog seeding directly in the paddies
Traditional Era (1900-1960)
Seedbed methods:
• Punlaan
seeds were pre-germinated before sowing into slightly elevated beds in a well prepared plot and allowed to grow for at least 30 daysbefore transplanting.
• Dry seedbed
area was prepared dry, not puddled nor flooded. A 1.5 meters x 10-20 meters-plot is constructed and the seeds are sown into it and harrowed lightly to cover the seeds, then watered subsequently; however the seedbed could get too dry and too hard for young seedlings to grow and to be pulled later.
• Dapog
1 x 15 meter-plot was constructed; banana leaves were placed on top of it; a thin layer of mud mixed with clean rice hull or finely chopped rice straw covering the banana leaves. Seeds were sown
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• Upon introduction of water pumps, the method of planting rice was changed.
In 1954-55, only 16 % were transplanting rice while 84 % were practicing hand broadcast seeding directly into the paddy field.
In 1956-57, 72% had shifted to transplanting method while broadcast farmers dropped to 11% and 17% practiced combined transplanting and direct seeding in their farms.
Green Revolution Era (1961-1989)
Transplanting Seedbed management 3-8 seedlings per hillWaray method
Wet direct seeding 150-200 kgs/ha seeding rate
Combined method:Transplanting at wet season Wet direct seeding at dry season
Combined method:Transplanting at wet season Wet direct seeding at dry season
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Seedbed and seedling management
seedbedSeedling pulling with
temporary root cleaning
Final seedling root cleaning and bundling and top-cutting
Transplanting top-cut seedlings
Modern times (1989-present)
TransplantingWet Direct Seeding
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Modern times (1989-present)
Wetbed seedling production and care
The seeding rate of 20-40 kg seeds per hectare
18-21 days old seedlings to be transplanted
1-2 seedling per hill
Straight planting
20 x 20 planting distance during wet season
20 x 30 cm planting distance during dry season
The introduction of mechanized transplanter.
Transplanting
Mechanized transplanter
Seedlings grown in trays
Mechanical transplanter
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Modern times (1989-present)
Pregerminated 40 kg seeds/ha
Sown right after leveling during the dry season. Re-irrigate 5-7 days after seeding
Sown 1-2 days after leveling during the wet season. Drain the area after seeding and re-irrigated 10-14 days after seeding
Done by broadcast seeding or furrow seeding by a mechanical seeder
Wet direct seeding
PhilRice drum seeder
PT-drawn drum seeder
Broadcast seeding of rice
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Crop Care and Management
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
Modern Times
• (natural) Organic fertilizer e.g. guano, rice straw and rice straw ash, horse manure, copra cake,dried lye or algae, and others
• inorganic at only 13-19-57 kg NPK/ha applied several days after transplanting. (lower N to avoid lodging; varieties non- N responsive)
• Masagana 99 rice technology using more of inorganic fertilizer; basal application (2/3) was introduced, topdressing at panicle initiation
• Use of pesticide was also introduced
• Development of new tools for higher nutrient use efficiency
• Integrated Nutrient Management • Integrated Weed Management • Integrated Pest Management
Omission-plot technique
The new innovations: Nutrient Diagnostic Tools
The Leaf-based N Application Soil nutrient assessment techniques
MOET
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Integrated Weed Management
Manual weeding
Push-type weeder
Herbicide/pesticide spraying
Thorough land preparation and irrigation water
Integrated Crop Management
Thorough land preparation and irrigation water
Use of good seeds and
appropriate variety
Clean surroundings and proper water management
Proper pest management
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Proper kind, rate and time of fertilizer application
B. Labor-saving PracticesMechanization in rice production was driven by:• the drudgery involved in manual tasks
• the intensive power required e.g. plowing, harrowing and leveling of the field prior to transplanting
• the increasing cost of manual labor
• the significant amount of time devoted to manual labor
• the better quality of output or product resulting from the mechanical tools/machines
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Some Labor-saving Practices1. Land Preparation
2. Harvest and post-harvest practices
• Harvesting
• Threshing
• Drying
• Milling
3. Wet direct seeding
Land preparation
Trampling
Carabao-drawn moldboard plow
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
Large4-wheel tractor
IRRI Power tiller
KuligligMini tractorModern
Times
Back Hoeing
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Traditional Period
Hand Hoeing
Carabao-drawn moldboard plow
Animal Trampling
Green Revolution Era
4-wheel tractor with extension wheels
IRRI power tiller
Imported tillers
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Green Revolution Era
• President Ferdinand Marcos promoting an IRRI-designed power tiller commercialized by PI Farm under the brand “Kuliglig” - meaning “Cricket”” – a benevolent creature – whose name in Tagalog has become synonymous with “power tiller” in a similar way the “Band-Aid” brand came to represent bandage adhesive.
Modern Times
Bigger kuligligs
Mini tractor w/ rotavators
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Harvesting
Yatab
Lingcao
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
Karet
IRRI Reaper
Kubota ReaperMini
CombineModern Times Stripper
Traditional Period
Harvesting w/ karetPanicle harvesting
w/ yatab
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Green Revolution EraIRRI reaper
Karet system
Kubota reaper
Modern Times
ReaperStripper
Mini Combine
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ThreshingTreading
Tilyadora
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
IRRI Thresher
IRRI Thresher- different sizes
Modern Times
Hampasan
Traditional Period
Treading
Hampasan
Tilyadora(McCormick Thresher)
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Green Revolution Era
IRRI thresher prototype in 70s
Commercial thresher in 70s-80s
Modern Times
… and now
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Drying
Mandala
LSU type recirculating
dryer
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
Sun dryingon pavements
Flatbed dryer
Flash dryer
Flatbed dryerModern
TimesImported
recirculating dryers
Traditional PeriodPanicle drying before pounding
Mandalas prior to threshing
Rice stacked before threshing
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Green Revolution Era
Pavement drying
UPLB Flatbed dryer
Modern Times
Recirculating dryers
Flatbed dryer
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Milling
Kiskisans
Traditional Era
Green Revolution
Mini cono
Mobile millsfor villages
Multipass rice mills Modern
Times
Mortar & Mazo
Traditional Period
Mortar and mazo
Kiskisan
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Green Revolution Era
Rubber roll (mini cono)
Modern Times
Multipass rice mill
Mobile rice mill
Village mini cono
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Wet direct seeding:
• better establishment with leveling and water mgt.• use of 40-80 kg/ha seed rate• use of seeders• integrated nutrient and pest mgt.
Modern Times
Implications to Technology Research and Extension
Basic issue: Less cost, higher productivity
Other Considerations:
• Environmental effects e.g. global warming
• Scarcity of water: other ways to grow riceincrease water use efficiency
• Soil health and productivity especially in intensive cropping systems
• Excessive use of pesticides
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by EU Bautista & EF Javier
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