History of Information Technology Georgia CTAE Resource Network Curriculum Office, June 2009 To accompany curriculum for the Georgia Peach State Career.

History of Information History of Information TechnologyTechnology

Georgia CTAE Resource Network Curriculum Georgia CTAE Resource Network Curriculum Office, Office,

June 2009 June 2009 To accompany curriculum for the Georgia Peach To accompany curriculum for the Georgia Peach

State Career Pathways State Career Pathways June 2009, Kayla Calhoun & Dr. Frank FlandersJune 2009, Kayla Calhoun & Dr. Frank Flanders

ObjectivesObjectives

Define modern information Define modern information technology.technology.

Discuss major pre-information age Discuss major pre-information age technologies.technologies.

Compare and contrast early Compare and contrast early computers.computers.

Relate early technology to the Relate early technology to the development of modern personal development of modern personal computers.computers.

Modern Definition of Information Modern Definition of Information Technology (IT)Technology (IT)

Use of computer hardware and Use of computer hardware and software to manage informationsoftware to manage information

Electromechanical AgeElectromechanical Age Telegraph: invented in Telegraph: invented in

18371837• ““Victorian Internet” – the Victorian Internet” – the

telegraph was the first telegraph was the first world communication world communication systemsystem

Telephone: invented by Telephone: invented by Alexander Graham Bell in Alexander Graham Bell in 18761876

Radio: invented by Radio: invented by Guglielmo Marconi in Guglielmo Marconi in 18941894

These inventions could These inventions could communicate communicate information, but not store information, but not store it.it.

Generational TechnologyGenerational Technology

1.1. Vacuum tubes and punch cards used by Vacuum tubes and punch cards used by machines like the ENIAC and Mark I. machines like the ENIAC and Mark I.

2.2. Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors, Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors, punch cards replaced by magnetic tape, punch cards replaced by magnetic tape, and magnetic cores used for storage. and magnetic cores used for storage. High-level programming languages were High-level programming languages were created such as Grace Hopper’s COBOL, created such as Grace Hopper’s COBOL, which were translated by compilers into which were translated by compilers into binary format.binary format.

Generational Technology, Generational Technology, continuedcontinued

3.3. Transistors replaced by integrated circuits, Transistors replaced by integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic cores became computers, and magnetic cores became metal oxide semiconductors. Operating metal oxide semiconductors. Operating systems appeared, along with the advanced systems appeared, along with the advanced programming language BASIC. programming language BASIC.

4.4. CPUs (central processing units), which CPUs (central processing units), which contained memory, logic, and control contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip, personal circuits all on a single chip, personal computers (Apple II) and the graphical user computers (Apple II) and the graphical user interface (GUI) were developed.interface (GUI) were developed.

• GUI allows interaction with computers through GUI allows interaction with computers through images, rather having to type in commands.images, rather having to type in commands.

Mark IMark I

Created by Harvard Created by Harvard student Howard Aiken student Howard Aiken in 1942in 1942• Weighed 5 tonsWeighed 5 tons• First programmable First programmable

digital computerdigital computer• Used paper tape rather Used paper tape rather

than punch cardsthan punch cards• Grace Hopper is Grace Hopper is

credited with the term credited with the term “debugging” when she “debugging” when she found the first computer found the first computer “bug,” a dead moth“bug,” a dead moth

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) Computer (ENIAC)

11stst generation: used vacuum generation: used vacuum tubestubes

First electronic computerFirst electronic computer Created by John Mauchly and Created by John Mauchly and

J. Prosper EckertJ. Prosper Eckert Funded by U.S. ArmyFunded by U.S. Army Built to calculate artillery Built to calculate artillery

firing tablesfiring tables• Replaced female Replaced female

“computers”“computers” Could not store informationCould not store information 18,000 vacuum tubes 18,000 vacuum tubes

unreliableunreliable

EDSACEDSAC

First stored-program First stored-program computercomputer

Invented by Mauchly Invented by Mauchly and Eckert, with the and Eckert, with the help of John von help of John von NeumannNeumann

Performed first Performed first calculation in 1949calculation in 1949

First graphical First graphical computer gamecomputer game

UNIVACUNIVAC

First commercially available First commercially available computercomputer

Invented by Mauchly and Invented by Mauchly and EckertEckert

Weighed 13 tonsWeighed 13 tons First to use magnetic tapeFirst to use magnetic tape Correctly predicted Eisenhower to win 1952 Correctly predicted Eisenhower to win 1952

presidential election with a 1% population presidential election with a 1% population samplesample

First contracts: government institutions First contracts: government institutions (Census Bureau, U.S. Military branches)(Census Bureau, U.S. Military branches)

Modern TechnologyModern Technology

1975: Intel 8080 used in MITS Altair, first 1975: Intel 8080 used in MITS Altair, first personal computer; used Microsoft’s Altair personal computer; used Microsoft’s Altair BASIC softwareBASIC software

•1971: Intel 4004 1971: Intel 4004 microprocessor developedmicroprocessor developed

Modern Technology, continuedModern Technology, continued

1976: Apple I is sold as a 1976: Apple I is sold as a motherboard, without a motherboard, without a keyboard, monitor, or casekeyboard, monitor, or case

1981: Microsoft MS-DOS operating 1981: Microsoft MS-DOS operating systemsystem

1984: Apple Macintosh1984: Apple Macintosh 1985: Microsoft Windows1985: Microsoft Windows

SummarySummary

Information technology is the use of Information technology is the use of computer hardware and software to computer hardware and software to manage informationmanage information

Inventions such as the telegraph, Inventions such as the telegraph, telephone, and radio are used to telephone, and radio are used to communicate, not store, informationcommunicate, not store, information

Methods of data storage, retrieval, Methods of data storage, retrieval, processing, and transmission change processing, and transmission change over technology generations.over technology generations.

Summary, continuedSummary, continued

The earliest computers, Mark I and ENIAC, The earliest computers, Mark I and ENIAC, performed calculations but could not store performed calculations but could not store information.information.

At first, only government institutions and At first, only government institutions and corporations used computers.corporations used computers.

The creation of the personal The creation of the personal computer led to the rapid computer led to the rapid development of the IT development of the IT industry, which continues industry, which continues to grow and change today.to grow and change today.