History of Computer, Generations of Computer

Information and Communication Technology ( ICT )

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDA. Brief History of ComputerB. Early Developments in Electronic Da

ta Processing C. Computer Generations

Objectives:

To be familiar with the history, and the developments of computing devices.

THE EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES

Brief History of Computer

The earliest data processing equipment were all manual - mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology.

ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians )

• The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation.

A very old Abacus

ABACUS

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A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.

John Napier ( 1550 – 1617 )John Napier is best known as the inventor of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects of gout, Napier's remains were buried in St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.

NAPIER'S BONESIn 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks.

An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM]

A more modern set of Napier's Bones

William Oughtred ’s Slide RuleWilliam Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier.

Slide Rule

Blaise PascalIn 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision).

Pascaline or Pascal Calculator

• It can be called “Arithmatique Machine”• The first calculator or adding machine to be

produced in any quantity and actually used.• It was designed and built by the French

mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.

A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model

A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders

which rotated to display the numerical result

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716)

A German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

Stepped Reckoner• The Step Reckoner (or Stepped

Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.

Stepped Reckoner

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Joseph Marie Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834)

A French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as computers.

The Jacquard Loom

• A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence.

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Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards

By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's loom you defined the woven pattern

A close-up of a Jacquard card

This tapestry was woven by a Jacquard loom

Charles Babbage(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)

By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables.

Babbage’s Differential EngineDesigned to automate a standard procedure for calculating roots of polynomials

A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine

The Analytical Engine• It was a proposed

mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage.

Babbage’s Analytical Engine

• 2 main parts: the “Store” where numbers are held and the “Mill” where they were woven into new results

Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852)

•English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. •Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first Algorithm intended to be processed by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer.•Referred to as the “First Programmer”

Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)

An American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation.

Hollerith machine

Hollerith machine• The first automatic data processing system. It

was used to count the 1890 U.S. census. Developed by Herman Hollerith, a statistician who had worked for the Census Bureau, the system used a hand punch to record the data as holes in dollar-bill-sized punch cards and a tabulating machine to count them. The tabulating machine contained a spring-loaded pin for each potential hole in the card. When a card was placed in the reader and the handle was pushed down, the pins that passed through the holes closed electrical circuits causing counters to be incremented and a lid in the sorting box to open.

More Detail

Each card was placed into this reader. When the handle was pushed down, the data registered on the analog dials.

Hollerith's Keypunch Machine

All 62 million Americans were counted by punching holes into a card from the census forms.

What a Concept in 1891

Imagine. Using electricity to count. The

date on this issue of "Electrical Engineer" was November 11,

1891. The page at the top is a census form filled out by a census

taker.

High Tech, 1890 StyleThe beginning of data processing made the August 30, 1890 cover of Scientific American. The binary concept. A hole or no hole! (Image courtesy of Scientific American Magazine.)

EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

Mark I

developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University

Mark I•Official name was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.•Could perform the 4 basic arithmetic operations.

ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

• developed by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly

• 1st large-scale vacuum-tube computer

EDVACElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• Developed by John Von Neumann• a modified version

of the ENIAC

• employed binary arithmetic

• has stored program capability

EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

•built by Maurice Wilkes during the year 1949

• one of the first stored-program machine computers and one of the first to use binary digits

UNIVACUniversal Automatic Computer

Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand Corp.

Manufactured as the first commercially available first generation computer.

IBMInternational Business Machines

By 1960, IBM was the dominant force in the market of large mainframe computers

IBM 650

•built in the year 1953 by IBM and marked the dominance of IBM in the computer industry.

IBM 701

IBM’s 1st commercial business computer

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION(1946-1959)

• Vacuum tube based• The use vacuum tubes in

place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of stored‐program concept.

• It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to keep the vacuum tubes running

Per Day : 3.5 KW

Per Week : 24.5 KW

Per Month : 122.5 KW

Per Year : 1,470 KW

NAKAKALOKA!!

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.

Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

WHO INVENT THE VACUUM TUBES?• First invented by a British scientist

named John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made some dsicoveries while working on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube was improved by Lee DeForest.

Vacuum Tubes

The main features of First Generation are:• Vacuum tube technology• Unreliable• Supported Machine language only• Very costly• Generate lot of heat• Slow Input/Output device• Huge size• Need of A.C.• Non-portable• Consumed lot of electricity

Some computers of this generation were:

• ENIAC• EDVAC• UNIVAC• IBM-701

SECOND GENERATION(1959-1965)• This generation using the

transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.

• In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.

WHO INVENTED THE TRANSISTORS?• The first transistor was invented at

Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right).

The main features of Second Generation are:• Use of transistors• Reliable as compared to First generation

computers• Smaller size as compared to First

generation computers• Generate less heat as compared to First

generation computers• Consumed less electricity as compared to

First generation computers• Faster than first generation computers• Still very costly• A.C. needed• Support machine and assembly

languages

Some computers of this generation were:• IBM 1620• IBM 7094• CDC 1604• CDC 3600• UNIVAC 1108

THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971)• Integrated Circuits (IC's) in

place of transistors• A single IC has many

transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.

• Integrated solid‐state circuitry, improved secondary storage devices and new input/output devices were the most important advances in this generation.

The main features of Third Generation are:• IC used• More reliable• Smaller size• Generate less heat• Faster• Lesser maintenance• Still costly• A.C. needed• Consumed lesser electricity• Support high-level language

WHO INVENT THE IC?

• The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born, when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).

Some computers of this generation were:• IBM-360 series• Honeywell-6000 series• PDP (Personal Data

Processor)• IBM-370/168• TDC-316

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980)

• Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)• VLSI circuits having about 5000

transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.

• Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

• In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.

• All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation.

The main features of Fourth Generation are:• VLSI technology used• Very cheap• Portable and reliable• Use of PC's• Very small size• Pipeline processing• No A.C. needed• Concept of internet was introduced• Great developments in the fields of

networks• Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:• DEC 10• STAR 1000• PDP 11• CRAY-1 (Super Computer)• CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

FIFTH GENERATIONPresent and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence• Artificial Intelligence is

the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Artificial intelligence includes:• Games Playing

– programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.

• Expert Systems– programming computers to

make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)

• Natural Language– programming computers to

understand natural human languages

• Neural Networks– Systems that simulate

intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains

• Robotics– programming computers to

see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

REPORTER….

GUILLEN, ARTHUR GLENN

Thanks for Listening!!!