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Generations of Computer © atish shrestha
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Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Oct 12, 2020

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Page 1: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Generations of

Computer

© atish shrestha

Page 2: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Table of Contents

Generations of Computer

o First Generation

o Second Generation

o Third Generation

o Fourth Generation

o Fifth Generation

© atish shrestha

Page 3: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Generation in computer terminology is a change in

technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the

generation term was used to distinguish between

varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation

includes both hardware and software, which together

make up an entire computer system.

© atish shrestha

Page 4: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Generations of Computer

The development of electronic computers can be divided into

generations depending upon the technologies used. Different

generations of computer are:

o First Generation (Vacuum Tubes) 1946-1958

o Second Generation (Transistor) 1959-1964

o Third Generation (Integrated Circuits) 1965-1971

o Fourth Generation (Microprocessor) 1971-Present

o Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence) Present and Beyond

© atish shrestha

Page 5: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

First Generation Computers (1946-1958)

The first generation were used during 1946-1958.

The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes.

The vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest.

First generation computers were very expensive to operate and in

addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of

heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

Examples of first generation computers are ENIAC and

UNIVAC-I etc.

© atish shrestha

Page 6: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Advantages

o Vacuum tubes were the only Electronic component available during those days.

o Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.

o These computers could calculate data in millisecond.

Disadvantages

o The computers were very large in size. o Consume a large amount of energy. o They heated very soon due to

thousands of vacuum tubes. o They were not very reliable. o Air conditioning was required. o Constant maintenance was required. o Non-portable. o Costly commercial production. o Limited commercial use. o Very slow speed. o Limited programming capabilities. o Used machine language only. o Used magnetic drums which provide

very less data storage. o Used punch cards for input. o Not versatile and very faulty.

First Generation Computers (1946-1958)

© atish shrestha

Page 7: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Second Generation Computers(1959-1964)

Second generation computers used transistors.

The scientists at Bell laboratories developed transistor in 1947.

These scientists include John Barden, William Brattain and William

Shockley.

Transistors were used because they were cheaper, consumed less

power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first

generation machines made of vacuum tubes.

Examples of second generation

computers are IBM 7094 series,

IBM 1400 series and CDC 164

etc.

© atish shrestha

Page 8: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Advantages

o Smaller in size

o More reliable

o Used less energy and were not heated.

o Wider commercial use

o Better portability.

o Better speed and could calculate data in

microseconds

o Used faster peripherals like tape drives,

magnetic disks, printer etc.

o Used Assembly language instead of

Machine language.

o Accuracy improved.

Disadvantages

o Cooling system was required

o Constant maintenance was

required

o Commercial production was

difficult

o Only used for specific purposes

o Costly and not versatile

o Punch cards were used for input.

Second Generation Computers(1959-1964)

© atish shrestha

Page 9: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Third Generation Computers(1965-1971)

The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's).

Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrated circuit in 1958.

The first IC was invented and used in 1961.

This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and

efficient.

The examples of third generation computers are IBM 370, IBM

System/360, UNIVAC 1108

and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc.

© atish shrestha

Page 10: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Advantages

o Smaller in size

o More reliable.

o Used less energy

o Produced less heat

o Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.

o Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.

o Maintenance cost was low

o Totally general purpose

o Could be used for high-level languages.

o Good storage

o Versatile to an extent

o Less expensive

o Better accuracy

o Commercial production increased.

o Used mouse and keyboard for input.

Disadvantages

o Air conditioning was required.

o Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

Third Generation Computers(1965-1971)

© atish shrestha

Page 11: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)

The fourth generation computers started with the invention of

Microprocessor.

The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.

Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in 1971 for Intel.

It was known as Intel 4004.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable,

and affordable.

The examples of fourth generation

computers are Apple Macintosh &

IBM PC.

© atish shrestha

Page 12: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Advantages

o More powerful and reliable

o Small in size

o Fast processing power with less power consumption

o Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.

o No air conditioning required.

o Totally general purpose

o Commercial production

o Less need of repair.

o Cheapest among all generations

o All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers

Disadvantages o The latest technology is

required for manufacturing of Microprocessors

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)

© atish shrestha

Page 13: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

Fifth Generation Computers

(Present & Beyond)

Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers .

It is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets

means and method of making computers think like human

beings.

Computers can understand spoken words & imitate human

reasoning.

All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .NET etc are

used in this generation.

© atish shrestha

Page 14: Generations of Computer · Generations of Computer The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the technologies used. Different generations

THANK YOU

© atish shrestha