Historical Origins. English Heritage Limited Government Representative Government Colonial governments Written Constitutions Colonial Legislatures.

GovernmentChapter Two

Historical Origins

2.1 The Colonial Period

 English Heritage  Limited Government  Representative

Government Colonial governments Written Constitutions Colonial Legislatures Separation of Powers

Chapter 2 ACOS

1. Identify origins and functions of government.

English Heritage

The U.S. was established and governed originally by Great Britain.

Limited government and representative government were key components of English government.

Limited Government

English nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

The document limited the power of the king.It guaranteed legal rights to the nobility.It was the basis of limited government.

Effigy of King John on his tomb

Limited Government

Parliament forced Charles I to sign the Petition of Right in 1628.

It limited the king’s power.The king could not imprison people without just cause, quarter troops in private homes, or declare martial law.

Charles I

Limited Government

Parliament passed the English Bill of Rights in 1688.

It limited the king even more.This would apply to the American colonists.

Representative Government

The English elected members to Parliament.

Writers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau influenced English thoughts about representative government.

They later influenced America’s founding fathers.

Name that Founding Father!

Colonial governments

American democratic republic evolved from the colonial governments.

Each colonial government had the following:

a written constitutionan elected legislatureseparation of powers between the governor and legislature

The Mayflower Compact is the first plan of self-government enacted in the colonies.

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was America’s first written constitution.

Written Constitutions

Colonial Legislatures

Virginia’s House of Burgesses was the first legislative body in America.

In New England, church members were often the only voters allowed.

America had a long history of representative government before the Revolution.

Separation of Powers

Colonial constitutions divided power among at least two branches of government.

Separation of powers was made popular by Charles-Louis Montesquieu.

Issues to Debate:Free Speech

Turn to page 41 in your textbook.

Does society’s need to maintain order outweigh the right for artistic expression, if the art promotes violence or defames a portion of our population?

Are there dangers in limiting artistic expression?

2.2 The Revolutionary

Period

Salutary Neglect Stamp Act The Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental

Congress Common Sense The Second Continental

Congress The Declaration of

Independence

Chapter 2 ACOS

1. Identify origins and functions of government.

Salutary Neglect

Britain allowed its colonies more self-rule than other European nations did.

The colonies were thriving when the British exercised salutary neglect.

After the French and Indian War, Britain looked to the colonies to pay the debt from the war.

King George III quickly began tightening his control on the colonies.

Stamp Act

In March 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act.

This law taxed newspapers, pamphlets, books, legal documents, and other printed materials.

The Stamp Act was the first time that the British government taxed the colonists directly and specifically for raising money.

Stamp Act

In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met for the Stamp Act Congress in New York.

They voted to boycott British goods.

Parliament repealed the act.

The Townshend Acts

The Townshend Acts placed a duty of lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea.

The revenue would pay the salaries of the royal governors in America.

The colonists effectively organized another boycott.

Parliament lifted all the duties except on tea.

Charles Townshend

Boston Massacre

British troops were sent to Boston, Massachusetts to enforce the Townshend Acts.

On March 5, 1770, a group of colonists created a riot in Boston.

The British soldiers fired into the crowd killing five colonists and wounding six others.

This event was called the Boston Massacre.

Crispus Attucks

Boston Tea Party

In May 1773, the Parliament passed the Tea Act.

On December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians boarded three tea ships in the Boston harbor.

They dumped all of the tea into the harbor.

This incident became known as the Boston Tea Party.

They destroyed over $4 million worth of tea in today’s currency.

Intolerable Acts

In the spring of 1774, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts to punish Massachusetts.

Many Americans called the new laws the Intolerable Acts because they were so harsh.

Intolerable Acts

The colonists formed the First Continental Congress and met at Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

First Continental Congress

The delegates were divided into radicals and moderates:

Radicals included Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, John Jay, and Richard Henry Lee.Moderates included George Washington, John Dickinson, and George Read.

They continued to protest British offenses.

First Continental Congress Radicals

Samuel Adams Patrick Henry John Jay Richard Henry Lee

First Continental Congress Moderates

George Washington John Dickenson George Read

Common Sense

Thomas Paine published Common Sense in January 1776 just before the Second Continental Congress.

It was a pamphlet written in a simple style that tried to persuade Americans to support independence.

T-Pain

Look up Now!

Who proposed a resolution for a declaration of

America’s independence?

The Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress met in Independence Hall in Philadelphia with all the colonies represented.

John Hancock was elected president of the congress.

Independence Hall

The Second Continental Congress

This congress served as the official government of the U.S. throughout the war.

After fighting for nearly a year, Richard Henry Lee proposed a resolution for independence. Richard Henry Lee

“The Second Day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America—I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding Generations as the great anniversary Festival.”

—John Adams

Look Up NOW!

Why does he refer to July 2?

The Declaration of Independence

The Second Continental Congress appointed five people to serve on a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence:

John AdamsBenjamin FranklinThomas JeffersonRobert LivingstonRoger Sherman

The Declaration of Independence

Jefferson wrote the main draft which was approved on July 4, 1776.

The Declaration of Independence

He divided the Declaration into four parts:

The preamble was the introduction, which explained the Declaration’s purpose. Jefferson used John Locke’s ideas in the declaration of rights,The third section contains the complaints against the king.The fourth section is the resolution that declared the independence of the United States.

Pulling Down the Statue of George III

What symbolic message is being sent by this action?

2.3 The Critical Period

The Articles of Confederation

Push for a Stronger Government

Shays’ Rebellion

Chapter 2 ACOS

1. Identify origins and functions of government.

Section Preview

Create a foldable study guide showing the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation

The Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in November 1777.

Ratification was delayed until 1781.

The Articles of Confederation

The time period from 1781 to 1789 is called “The Critical Period.”

The Articles of Confederation established a weak, national government.

Characteristics• Unicameral (One-house)

legislature (one vote per state)

• No federal court system• No executive branch

Strengths of the Articles• Congress had control over foreign

affairs. (It negotiated the Treaty of Paris 1783)• It laid the foundation for future

westward expansion through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which the idea that newer states would be created with equal power to the older states.• It provided Congress power to

establish government departments like the Departments of War and the treasury.

The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation

Weaknesses of the Articles• Congress had no power to

tax.• Congress had no power to

regulate trade between states or between states and foreign powers.• Congress and the states

issued money with no sense of uniformity.• The Articles required

unanimous approval by the states to amend the Articles.

The Push for a Stronger Government

The national government could not solve the economic problems.

The national and the state governments struggled to pay off their war debts.The economy went into a depression after the Revolution.

Nationalists were people who supported a stronger national government.

They wanted to bring order back to the states.

The Push for a Stronger National Government

In 1786, Nationalists held the Annapolis Convention in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss economic problems.

Little was accomplished at the Annapolis Convention.

They called for another convention to meet in Philadelphia in 1787.

Independence Hall

The Push for a Stronger National Government

The purpose of this convention would be to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Independence Hall

Shays’ Rebellion

Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to rebel against high taxes in Massachusetts.

Shays was a Revolutionary War veteran.He had not yet been paid for his services.He could not pay the taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion

Congress had no money to raise troops to stop the rebellion.

It could not get the money because it had no power to tax.Massachusetts raised its own army to stop the rebellion.

Shays’ Rebellion

Shays’ Rebellion showed many Americans that a stronger national government was needed.

2.4 The Constitutional Convention

The ConventionThe

CompromisesRatificationFederalists Anti-FederalistsBill of Rights

Chapter 2 ACOS

1. Identify origins and functions of government.

The Convention

12 states were represented at the Constitutional Convention in May 1787.

Rhode Island did not send delegates.

They met in Philadelphia to revise the weaknesses of the Articles.

Instead of revising the Articles, they created the United States Constitution.

They were not authorized to replace the Articles.

The Convention

James Madison of Virginia was delegate at the Constitutional Convention.

He kept the best records of what happened at the convention. He became known as “the father of the Constitution.”

James Madison

The Convention

The Convention’s first action was to elect George Washington as the president of the Convention.

39 delegates of the 55 who attended eventually signed the constitution.

George Washington

Washington resigning his commission as commander-in-chief after the war

The Compromises

Two plans were proposed: the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.

The Virginia Plan (Large-state plan)• was proposed by Edmund

Randolph.• called for bicameral, or

two-house, national legislature.• based representation in

both houses on population.

Edmund Randolph

The Compromises

The New Jersey Plan (Small-state plan)• was proposed by William Patterson.• called for a unicameral

legislature.• called for equal

representation among the states.

William Patterson

The Compromises

The Great Compromise(Connecticut Compromise)

Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise which created a bicameral legislature.The Senate would have equal representation among the states. The House of Representatives would be based on each state’s population.

Roger Sherman

The Compromises

The Three-Fifths CompromiseThis debate was between the North and the South.The South wanted slaves to be counted in the population in order to have more representatives in the House. The North did not want the slaves to be counted.They compromised by agreeing to count 3 slaves out of every 5.

The Compromises

The Slave TradeSouthern states feared Congress might try to stop the importation of slaves.Many Northern states supported stopping the slave trade.Southern states would not have ratified the Constitution if the slave trade was abolished.They compromised by agreeing that Congress could not abolish slave importation for 20 years.The convention approved the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787.

Ratification

9 states had to ratify the Constitution for it to become the supreme law of the land.

Each state called special conventions to ratify or reject the Constitution.

Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution.

Federalists

People who favored the Constitution were called Federalists.

George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton all supported the Constitution.

George Washington James Madison Alexander Hamilton

Federalists

The Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays known as The Federalist, or the Federalist papers, to gain support for the Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote the Federalist papers.

James MadisonAlexander Hamilton John Jay

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed the Constitution

weakened state governments and the rights of individuals.

The anti-Federalists included John Hancock, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.

John Hancock Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee

Anti-Federalists

The Federalists feared the ignorant masses more than big government.

The anti-Federalists feared big government more than the general population.

Bill of Rights

Virginia and New York agreed to support the Constitution if a bill of rights was added.

New York voted to approve the Constitution by only three votes over the opposition.

The new government's capital was located in New York City.

Congress met in Federal Hall.

Alexander Hamilton

Federal Hall

Bill of Rights

In September 1789, James Madison helped draft 12 constitutional amendments.

They were designed to guarantee individual rights.

10 of the amendments were ratified by the states.

The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.

James Madison