His 121 chapter 5 from empire to independence

Chapter 5From Empire to Independence

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The Heritage of WarBritish PoliticsWestern Lands in North AmericaGrenville and the Stamp ActColonial Response

American Perspectives Following the French & Indian War

•Colonists believed they had proved their ability to protect themselves

•Cultural differences within the British and Colonial Militias▫Rough manners of British soldiers▫Harsh punishments▫Inexperienced in wilderness tactics

•Victory meant that British soldiers not needed because the French threat was gone

British Perspectives• British forces had borne the brunt of the war and had

won it for the colonists.• Resentment that Colonists continued to trade with

the enemy in the West Indies.• Policy Questions:

▫How should British manage defense and governance of global possessions?

▫How to manage North American lands claimed by Indians and coveted by colonists?

▫How to pay for war debt and additional costs of expanded colonial administration and defense?

▫What role should colonies have in decisions and government?

British Politics

•Whigs▫Opposed King James II▫Victorious in the Glorious Revolution of

1688▫Secured Protestant succession to throne in

1714•King George III

▫Colonial policy marginal before 1760’w▫Royal Proclamation of 1763

Imaginary line along the crest of the Appalachians

Colonists could not settle West of the Appalachians

King George III

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George Grenville, British Prime Minister1763 - 1765

Grenville’s Fiscal Policy

•Grenville’s mission▫Cut expenses▫Raise revenue from the colonies▫Reduce the National Debt (Interest=60% of

annual budget)▫Reduce colonial smuggling business

Grenville’s Acts• Maritime Court in Halifax (Canada) 1763

▫Avoid sympathetic colonial juries• Sugar Act of 1764

▫Cut the duty on molasses in half▫New duties on textiles, wine, coffee, indigo and

sugar▫ Intended to raise revenues and regulate trade

• Currency Act of 1764▫Forbade colonists from printing money▫Caused wide-spread deflation because colonial

bills became worthless

The Stamp Act of 1765

•Created revenue stamps•Required revenue stamps to be purchased

and affixed to printed matter and legal documents▫Newspapers, broadsides, pamphlets,

leases, deeds, licenses, ship clearances, college diplomas

The Quartering Act

•Required colonists to supply British troops with provisions

•Required colonists to provide barracks or quarter them in inns and vacant buildings.

What are Rights of an Englishman?

America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company

The Able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught

Taxation Without Representation

•What does this mean?•Stamp Act

▫Affected most: those who could shape public opinion

America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company

Opposition to the Stamp Act

Virginia Resolves

•Rights of Englishmen belonged to the colonists

•Englishmen could only be taxed by their elected representatives

•Modern Tea Party Issue with U.S. History▫If congress is elected and congress passes

a tax, people are not taxed without representation!

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

•Massachusetts House of Representatives invited other colonial assemblies to send delegates to confer in New York about their opposition to the Stamp Act▫9 colonies sent delegates▫October 7-25, 1765▫Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of

the Colonies

Stamp Act Repeal•Grenville dismissed by King George III

▫Not due to colonial turmoil over the Stamp Act▫Disagreement over appointment of Catholics

in the military

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Declaratory Act of 1766

•Passed at same time Stamp Act repealed▫Full power of Parliament to make laws

binding the colonies, “in all cases whatsoever”

▫Face-saving for Britain▫Colonists thought they had won

Charles Townsend

Chancellor of the Exchequer1767

Americans:“Factious andTurbulent”

Townsend Acts: Tough Love • Colonists had been too long indulged and

encouraged in their bad behavior▫New York Colonial Assembly refused to provide

quarters for British Troops ▫Parliament suspended all acts of New York

Assembly▫New York caved

• Revenue Act of 1767 (Just say “No” to smuggling)▫Duties on colonial imports of lead, paper, tea▫Board of Customs Commissioners at Boston▫4 new Vice Admiralty Courts: Boston, Halifax,

Philadelphia and Charleston

Townsend Acts: Unintended Consequences

• Revenue intended to pay colonial Governors and appointed officials▫Colonial assemblies had raised revenues to pay

these officials in the past▫ Intended to make Colonial Governors

independent of Colonial Assemblies• Daughters of Liberty

▫Women colonists who refused to buy British goods

John Dickinson “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”

Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty

•Samuel Adams: ▫Born 1722▫Harvard College graduate▫Inherited family brewery▫Taverns & Politics ▫Adams-Otis Letter;

Taxation without representation is tyranny Massachusetts Assembly dissolved when it

refused to withdraw the Adams-Otis letter

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The Boston Massacre• The presence of British troops in Boston was a

constant provocation to the inhabitants.▫British troops harassed and intimidated colonists▫Colonists heckled and ridiculed British troops.

• March 5, 1770▫Crispus Attucks▫Captain Prescott▫ John Adams: “a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes

and mulattos, Irish teagues and outlandish ‘Jack tars’”• April, 1770 Parliament repealed all Townsend duties

except the Tea tax (a token of parliamentary authority).

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Discontent on the Frontier

•Creation of Vermont•The Paxton Boys •South Carolina Regulators •North Carolina and Eastern “Abuses”

A Worsening Crisis

•The Burning of the Gaspee•Creation of Committees of

Correspondence•Lord North and His Tea Act of 1773•The Boston Tea Party

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The British Response to the Tea Party

•The Coercive Acts▫Government officials to be tried in Britain▫New Quartering Act

•The Continental Congress▫Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves

Shifting Authority

•Lexington and Concord•Paul Revere•The Spreading Conflict•George Washington•Battle of Bunker Hill

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Shifting Authority

•Common Sense

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Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775

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Independence

•Richard Henry Lee of Virginia•Jefferson’s Declaration