H J G U M M E U G L M J M M L G U - World Bank...F h g ] h e h j g u m m e u g l m j m m l g u g ' ' p b c g g w e ] w w 2009 (. .

Koninkrijk der Netherlanden

WWF Mongolia

- 2010 1-

(PhD) .

Rich Harris (PhD)

C. ( )

. (PhD) .

. . . . . . . .

: - 2010 1- 15-

: 2010 ... …- .

(Ovis ammon L.,1758), (Capra sibirica L.,1758)

: . (Ph.D)

: Richard Harris

............................................................................................................... 4

................................................................................................ 5-8

........................................................................ ............................................ 9

, ........................................................................................................ 10

.............................................................10-20

..................................................... 20-21

....................................................................... ……………… 21-22

……………… 22-28

, ( )............. 28-109

- ..................................................................................... 29-45

..................................................................................................... 45-58

.................................................................................................. 59-63

- ........................................................................................ 63-75

........................................................................................ 75-79

.................................................................. ……………...79-81

......................................................................................... 81-91

.................................................................................... 92-93

..................................................................... ………….. 93-98

..................................................................................... 98-106

............................................................................................. 106-107

.................................................................................. 107-108

.................................................................................. 108-109

.................................................................................. 110-113

.......................................................................................... 114

.................................................................................. 114-115

........................................................................................ 116

.................................................................................. 117-121

.......................................................................................... 122

“ ” , “ ” ,

- , , - , , , , ,

, , , , -

. , . ,

Dr. Matt Reeves .

(Ovis ammon), (Capra sibirica) , , -

, , - 2009 10- .

2009 3, 10- 2 11

12 21 . , , ,

, , . 2001

1:40,000 1:50,000 .

. GPS ,

, . 1 3

100 15 . GIS-

. distance sampling .

. Distance ,

50215.4 2 46,603 2 158 10-20 20 , 880 ( )-

. 50215.4 2 95%-

9193-43135, 18140 ( -1).

1- . , 2009 10 .

95% 572 444 927

- 2123 931 3761 / 2913 1361 4967

2338 1505 15408

- 1556 1066 9158 2311 341 3400

2404 1198 4852 1756 1160 2368

834 417 1664 1033 591 1591

40 23 50 50

180 30

18140 9193 43135

162 2541 (3- ). ( ),

95%- 36018 (13840-43873) ( -2).

2- . , 2009 10-

(2009, 2)

1 127.86 100 2 - 7522.3 5.15 3874 3 5649.6 5.15 2909 4 - 8917.6 5.51 4913 5 225.5 5.32 120 6 1564.7 9.70 1518 7 6078.4 2.20 1337 8 2568.9 1.30 334 9 5309.5 25.09 13324

10 80.9 1.85 15 11 1335 14.30 1909 12 2.1 0.00 42 13 3709.8 2.94 1091 14 13021.5 3.48 4532

55985.8 6.45 36018 (13840-43873)

(Method of Distance)- .

, . 2001

, , , ,

, , . ,

, . , - ,

. , , ,

“ ”-

...”, “... ,

, “ , ,

2009 -

3. , ,

4. GIS- (1:500000)

8. , ,

, , , ,

. 2009 3

- 1:500000

1- . 2009

. , - Wild Sheep (WSF),

. , . 2009 3- -

Distance Sampling, - ,

2009 9 16-17-

, GPS- , ,

, 1:40,000, 1:50,000

, , , . ,

. 2009

200 . ,

. “ ”

. ArcView

1 1000 2, 200 2 1-

. - , , , - 1:40000,

1:100000, -

1:50000 .

. 2000-2002

Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)- . 200 -

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-

< 1.0 .

1) Distance sampling

Huggins closed-capture (White, 2008)

GPS, .

100 3-4

. ArcGIS (ESRI,

Inc.) ArcGIS V. 9.2-

. 3-5 . 3 -

Distance

Sampling . 5

, > 85%-

, 95%- . Distance Sampling

. - 2009 10 12-28- 2-4 2

11 9- 1:40,000

Distance sampling (v6.0), Release 2

(Thomas et al. 2009) .

< 3 - . ,

Multiple covariate distance . 2- . -

. 3 1 . 2247 2 10

1532 2 5 1:40000

3- . ( x).

. 2-4 2 2009 10- 5-22-

15 – 1:40000

. - 2-4 2 15 12-

1:40000 .

distance sampling DISTANCE 6.0, release 2 (Thomas et al. 2009)

. < 3 -

. , Multiple covariate

distance . 3 .

4- . - ( ).

. 1-3 3 , - 3

, - 3 . ,

. (ScD) .

. 3 1 11 2

Distance Sampling .

, . 5- . ( x).

. ( a ) 2-3 3 1:100,000

12 8- .

, 50-60, 10-20 ,

– , - ,

Huggins closed-capture

. 2009 10 9-28- 2-4 2

31 23- 1:50,000

distance sampling DISTANCE 6.0, release 2

(Thomas et al. 2009) .

< 3 - . ,

Multiple covariate distance .

7- . ( x).

. 3 1 24 21-

, Laser Range Finder

distance sampling . DISTANCE 6.0, release 2 (Thomas et al.

2009) .

. < 3 -

distance .

8- . ,

. 3-4 1 21 18-

. 3 . , , ,

Laser Range Finder distance

sampling . DISTANCE 6.0, release 2 (Thomas et al. 2009)

. < 3 -

distance .

9- . ( x).

. , 2000

K. . . 1 , ,

20 12- .

K. . . 3 1 . ,

, , , , , ,

. (Index)

~ 10 12 . 24

Geist (1991), Shackleton (1997), ,

IUCN (2008)

(O.a.darwini), (O.a.ammon) 2

. 1980-

. 1970- 50,000,

1985 ( 1970, 1994, . 2002b, Zahler et

al. 2004, Clark et al. 2006, ) 60000

. (1997, 1994) 20,000-

. 2001 -

47,898 km2 13,000 – 15,000 2009

, . 2001

10-20 ,

. 2001 1976

- , , – , ,

, , 7 34

31,2% .

62,5%, 53,3%

( , 2001).

( , 1987)

1986 80,000 1980-

(Fedosenko and Blank 2001) . Mallon

(1997) , ,

(Ovis ammon),

(Capra sibirica) . 2

“ ”

. 1953 . ,

(CITES) II , 80

. (O.ammon)

1987, 1997 “ ” “ ”

(Clark et al. 2006). 2

(Zahler et al.

2004).

9.36% ( , 2001).

14% , , ,

, , , ,

, , , -

( , 2002b).

50215.4 2 .

10- 3%-

. , , ,

2001 2009

9,7-8,9 .

Home range .

1:500000- , ArcView

3,2 , 2,3

, , , - , 1,2-1,9

, , , ,

1,1-2,3 .

(3- , 10- , 1- ).

3- . ,

(2001, 2)

(2001)

(2009, 2)

(2009)

1. - 35663.08 2274.82 6.38 4244.3 11.90 1969.52. 62060.33 2955.35 4.76 3560.8 5.74 605.53. - 84714.59 6263.84 7.39 6465.1 7.63 201.34. 5498.32 9.19 0.17 29.0 0.53 19.85. 97314.96 8315.33 8.54 9671.9 9.94 1356.66. 56783.69 3991.22 7.03 1723.5 3.04 -2267.77. 22949.22 1184.74 5.16 1184.7 5.16 0.08. 34925.78 3716.55 10.64 2151.2 6.16 -1565.49. 164134.80 8990.77 5.48 6371.7 3.88 -2619.110. 16456.82 120.01 0.73 1070.9 6.51 950.911. 53173.00 1296.91 2.44 2992.0 5.63 1695.112. 16597.61 694.12 4.18 1315.9 7.93 621.813. 19298.53 63.04 0.33 613.8 3.18 550.814. 65889.57 8028.58 12.18 6369.0 9.67 -1659.615. 16625.57 828.12 4.98 720.6 4.33 -107.516. 18448.90 0.00 0.00 1327.1 7.19 1327.117. 4974.20 0.00 0.00 403.8 8.12 403.8

752085.85 48732.59 6.48 50215.4 6.68 1482.8

1- . (2001-2009)

43135, 18140 (3- ).

2001 2009

2009 - , -

226,6%-309,5%- , , , 122,4%-175,1%-

. , , 58,9%-

97,2%- .

. , 40,5%-

63,6%- . ,

(4- ).

(2001)

(10 2, 2001)

(2009)

(10 2, 2009)

1. - 2274.82 650 2.9 4244.3 2123 5.02. 2955.35 290 1.0 3560.8 572 1.63. - 6263.84 380 0.6 6465.1 1556 2.44. 9.19 85 92.5 29.0 140 48.35. 8315.33 1745 2.1 9671.9 2773 2.96. 3991.22 850 2.1 1723.5 2338 13.67. 1184.74 110 0.9 1184.7 40 0.38. 3716.55 1840 5.0 2151.2 1756 8.29. 8990.77 4040 4.5 6371.7 2404 3.810. 120.01 5 0.4 1070.9 50 0.511. 1296.91 375 2.9 2992.0 834 2.812. 694.12 380 5.5 1315.9 1033 7.913. 63.04 30 4.8 613.8 30 0.514. 8028.58 2460 3.1 6369.0 2311 3.615. 828.12 175 2.1 720.6 180 2.5 13 86

55985.9 2 .

1:500000-

1:100000-

, , , -

- , - , , ,

. 83,1%

. “ ” (1970,

. 5- , 2-

, 11- .

(2009, 2) 1 - 10 7522.32 12 5649.63 - 8 8917.64 4 225.55 5 1564.76 11 6078.47 3 2568.98 7 5309.59 1 80.9

10 7 1335.011 1 2.112 4 3709.813 13 13021.5

86 55985.9

162 2541 .

35373 (13840-43873) (6- ).

(2009, 2)

1 127.86 100 2 - 7522.3 5.15 3874 3 5649.6 5.15 2909 4 - 8917.6 5.51 4913 5 225.5 5.32 120 6 1564.7 9.70 1518 7 6078.4 2.20 1337 8 2568.9 1.30 334 9 5309.5 25.09 13324

10 80.9 1.85 15 11 1335 14.30 1909 12 2.1 0.00 42 13 3709.8 2.94 1091 14 13021.5 3.48 4532 55985.8 6.45 36018 (13840-43873)

92.3% 4,749 2 60

. 59 .

41 500 . 9 7-

. 2-76- ( x = 12.5, SD = 13.8).

424 , 291 , 30 , 93 , 10

. (> 2 )

3 (hazard rate key function with Hermite

polynomial adjustments, hazard rate key function with a maximum of 2 cosine

adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments)

2,627 (SE =

212 ).

- . . . 2400-3700 ,

2600-2900 , 2700-3000 ,

- 2700 – 3300 , 2600-3800 , 2200-

2600 . - ( , ), ( ,

, , , , ,

, , , , , , ,

, , , , ,

, , ), ( , ), ( , , , , ), ,

( , , , , , ,

), ( , , ,

, , , ,

, , , , ,

), ( , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , ,

), ( , , , ,

( . , . , 2004).

1991 - 6000 .

, 2001 -

2408,14 2

( , 2002).

- 2008

10 6333.4 2 ( ,

2008).

4825.55 2 .

3511.5 2 , 466.23 2

847.82 2 ,

4- . -

2001 1991

59.9%- /4- /.

2009 2001

39.5%- “ -

“ ” . -

- “ ” ,

, , , ,

466.23 2 .

( . , . , 2004). ,

“ ” , ,

“ ” .

“ ” ,

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

. 598 2

, , , , , ,

, 538 2 .

, 4 16

100 . 10- 7-

(125;121;100 )

“ ”, “ ” ,

, , , , , , ,

376.3 2 .

1992, 1993 ,

( , 2007). 2007

“ ”

. 296 2

, , , , ,

426,4 2 .

299.62 2 . ,

264.81 2 .

(1989 )

( , 2007).

90.12 2 . 6

12- . -

, “ ” ,

, , , 6

41 505 . 425

(84.1%) .

5- . -

: : : 4.8:19.9:6.9:1 .

34.7% .

. 2008

7 . 2008-2009

- , - , - 1:4.1, 2.8:1,

19.9:1 2001

- , - , - , -

- 1: 1,5; 1: 0.3; 1: 0.2 .

- 2001

2001 .

( , ),

6- . -

3 2007

2.1%:65.9%:34%

. 2007 12-

( . , 2004)

, 2007

/6- /.

. . 2007 12-

51.5%, 51.7%, 16.7%-

, , - ... , ...

. . (1990) .

1991 , ,

, /1 . - 0.01-0.05 /, , ,

/1 . - 0.05-0.1 /, ,

, , , , , ,

, , , / 1

. - 0.1-1.0 / . -

6000 . 2500

/ , 1992/.

2001 -

2408,14 2 710

( , 2001).

- 2008

1000 - 0.32 2382

( , 2008)

7- . -

, 1999 2003 2007

1000 -

300-450 7.8 650 17 - 741±8 0.52

- - - - 125±12 1.16

3 1800 14

- - 227±16 1.6

4 - - - - 5 - - - - 100±15 0.53

. : 2007 12

100,25±15, 4

( . , . ,

. , 2007).

. (2007) 2

- 2009

0.447 / 2 (95% 0.196 – 0.792), 4,749 2

2123 (95% 931 - 3,761) .

7- . -

- 2009 1991

2001 66%- . -

, , , ,

- 2008

15.4%- 7097.7 2 ( . ,

2008).

, , , , ,

- , , ,

, , , , ;

- , , , ,

, , , ;

- - , , ,

- , , ,

“ ” , , , ,

, ; , ,

, . 13

249 . 114 (45.7%)

8- . -

3:38.5:1:14.5 .

2008 21.8%- 2009

/8- /. -

2008 100 62 2009

2 100 37 .

50 . 2008

2009 ,

- . /1976 / ,

/1975/

( , 2002).

- 1991 - 5200

( , 1992).

- , , , , ,

, 7097.7 2 3786

( , 2008).

13 249

- 3874 .

, , , , ,

, . , 2001 -

59.9%- , 71.6%- . 2001

2008 ,

2008, 2009

16.9%- , 35.2%-

, 100 18.5%- , 86%-

. 48.3%-

92.3%- .

2008 ,

. , “ ”, “ ”

, 2004 -

30 , 12.0-16.0

, 2000-3000 ,

12 , 5.8-7.5 , 1300

. - , ,

, 3- , 11- .

, 2007).

“ ” ,

, , , ,

1,2,3-

. , , ,

, . , ,

( . , . , 2007., . , 2008).

“ ” , ,

, , , ,

(600 , 15.0-18.0 )

“ ”

( . , 2008).

. 2007

, 2007, 2009

, , , ,

. 1989 2006 60

56 , 56 38 .

56,2±4,66 / , 2007 /.

. . 1.

19 414 . 5 3-

. 1-76- ( x =19.4, SD =

21.9). 164 , 89 , 15 , 11 ,

49 . - 391

(2009 7 23-28) 315- , 134 , 95

, 19 , 67

- 1991

. 2001

( 2001).

540.82 2 .

, 86.56 2

- 146.61 2

. , , , ,

9-11- , .

- . 12.22 2.

- 235.27 2 .

, , , , ,

. , , ,

- 74.87 2

- . 15.85 2

- , . 56.86 2.

- . 33.16 2

- , . 69.47 2.

- 7 880 .

, 2001 706 2 ( , 2002).

10 1271.69 2 .

1022.14 2 ,

249.55 2 , .

2001 1991

19.8%- /9- /.

2009 2001

31%- , 2004 ( , 2004) 25%-

, “ ”

, , , ,

5 18 414 .

164 (39.6%) .

: : : 1:11.6:1.4:6.1 .

- 8:1 /10-

: 2004

2.7:1 16.1%- 2009 1.9:1

30.4%-

- , - , - 1:11.6, 8.4:1,

1.8:1 2001

- , - , - 1:1.4; 4.1:1; 2.1:1

- 2001

2001 51.2%- ,

14.3%- .

. “ ”

, ... . . \ 1990 \ .

- 1991 260 2

0.1 , 188 2 0.3 , ,

, , , 64-112 2 0.05

450-500

2001 706 2 1000 - 5.3 380

( , 2001).

767 2 681-691

( , 2004).

” ”

11- . “ ” -

, , , ,

5 18 414 .

5 3- . 1-76-

( x =19.4, SD = 21.9).

- 2009 7

2247 2 591

Rich Harris .

. 2009 2004

1315,9 ² .

24 7 93

414 591

multiply survey 4 -

² (S=2 R) .

527,52 ² 414 .

1315,9 ² [=1315,9*414/

(2*3,14*4*21)] 1000±33 .

- 89.70 2;

- 150.16 2;

- 50.89 2;

- - 68.33 2;

- 219.91 2;

122.18 2;

- 61.83 2,

98.56 2, 120.20 2, 28.19 2,

47.87 2;

- 254.32 2

1335.0 2

: : : 1.2:3.8:1:1.7 .

/13- /.

- 2004 100:45

(90%) .

- 26% /

, 2004/.

2004 , -

3430 2 8972

( , 2004).

, 2009

150.16 800-1000

89.70 50

68.33 200

122.18 300

219.91 2000

50.89 100

7 , , ,

356.65 620

254.32 500

1312.14 4570-4770

76 1 .

, , , , , ,

1:500,000 .

1335 2 1900

( , 2008). ,

. , 2001

19.8%- , 15.6-24%- . 2001

. 2004

2001 8%-

45%- 2 .

2004, 2009

79.8%- 100 28.1%-

20.7%- , 32%- .

, , , ,

2007 217255

, 2005 199733 -

. 2008 2004

893 - ,

1472 - ,

. 2007

2003 24 ,

24 , 92 ,1 ( , 2004) ,

. (6.7%)

1. , ,

“ ”

. “ ” - 2009

2003 72.5%- , 2007

51.2%- ,

, , , GPS, , ,

3. ( )

6. , , ,

, 14 272 .

341 . 5 ,

33 780 .

2200 . 4 ,

16- . , 2009

17- . , 2009

1 1992 3000 5000

2 2001 2000 - ,

3 2007 476 4191 , , “ ”

4 2008 690 3444 “

5 2009

2311 4532 , “

Richard Harris- .

3172,6 ² .

2 10 11 183 .

multiply survey 4 -

18,84 ²

(S=2 R) .

251,2 ² 272 .

3172,6 ² [=3172,6*272/(2*3,14*4*10)] 2300±11

4 144 39

27.1% , 60 41.6% , 23 16% ,

22 15.3% .

: : : 27.1%:41.6%:16%:15.3% .

1:0.6 : 1:0.3,

: 1:0.4 .

, , , ,

27 1273

. 5-128 (10- ).

10- . (2009 10 )

1-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-

3 4 1 1 1 3

9 51 24 36 49 259

2.1% 11.9% 5.6% 8.4% 11.4% 60.5%

. , , , ,

, 2000-2003 4

, 2001-2002 .

, 2002-2004

1992 ,

, . , ,

, , , 3

163 , 2 115 , 2, 2

12162 215 12 72

( 3-10) 85.8% . 50

16 83 . 12 6-

. 1-13- ( x =5.2, SD = 3.4).

83 , 38 , 20 , 16 , 9

. (> 2 ) ,

2 (hazard rate key function with a maximum

of 2 cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine

adjustments) ,

. 1,236 (SE = 282m)

0.321 / 2 (95%

0.137 – 0.753), 12,162 2 1556 (95%- 1,666 - 9,158)

2001 -

6 6263,84 2

69.5% .

. , . 2007 -

27.3%-

2009 ( “ ” ),

, ( ) ( “ ”

, - “ ” , - ,

, , , ,

(5- 11- )

3719 7 . . 3707

, 6 . . 343 ,

3 . . 3397 ,

. . 3526 .

, , , ,

, - “ ” “ ”

. 624,22 2 .

- 190 2 .

- 638.70 2

- - - ,

136.9 2

- , 393,59 2 .

- 316.82 2

18- . -

, , , 670 2 40

, , , ,

650 2 20 , ,

2470 2 90 , ( ) , ,

780 2 200 , 6364 2 380

3164 2 380

, 1000 - 0.6 .

. , . 2007

, , , ,

, 57 .

2009 ,

, - “ ” , , ,

, 16 83

(11- ).

11- . -

2 14 10 4 3 13 4 7 2

3 9 5 4 , 2 7 3 2 2

3 14 4 4 2 3 1 3 26 5 13 8

16 83 31 26 14 11

2 14, 3 13,

3 9, 2 7, - -

3 14, 3 26

258.28 2 14,

2057.57 2 13, , 597.59 2

9, 1228.27 2 7, - -

820.97 2 14, 258.28 2 26

2007 2009

- - 7 14

- 25 -

, , , ,

- , 2007 7 2009

14 . 2007 25

2009 26 .

14 - . ,

1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.7 2007

: : : 2.3: 4.8: 1: 1.1 . :

1:2.07, 1:4.8, 1:4.1

3 (21.4%)

, (35.7%) , 6 (42.9%) .

1: 5.8 .

2001 -

6364 2 380 .

. , . 2007 -

4.597 484±24

. 2001

27.3%- .

1-13- ( x =5.2, SD = 3.4). 83

, 38 , 20 , 16 , 9 .

(> 2 ) ,

2 (hazard rate key function with a maximum of 2

cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments)

1,236 (SE = 282m)

0.321 / 2 (95% 0.137 – 0.753),

12,162 2 1550 .

2009 , 2001

3900 .

- 6449,7 ² .

2 11 11 50

- multiply survey 4 -

² (S=2 R) .

207,2 ² 50 .

6449,7 ² [=6449,7*50/(2*3,14*4*11)] 1550±6

1:500,000

. - 32

314 . 7 34

. , 13 314

135 , 71 , 34 , 18 .

(> 2 ) ,

, . , -

, , , -

, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , -

, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , ,

, , - , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , , , , -

, , , , , ,

281 10 2 12,54

, , , ,

, , 1155,6 2,

, , , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , 2 , ,

, , , , ,

- “ ”

. , , ,

. 8 10

13- . -

2007 2009 - 71

- 112 - 3

- 14 - 14

- 7 - - 14

- 30 197 47

- 16 4 -

11 - 26 -

2 - 1 -

241 328

14- . ,

2009 32 328 129 77 38 17 54

2007 6 241 23 99 90 29

2007 241 23 (9.5%) , 99 (41%)

, 90 (37.3) , 29 (12.2%) 2009

32 328 , 129 (39.3%),

77 (23.4%), 38 (11.5%), 17 (5.1%) .

2007 2009 ,

. , 2007

2009 16 .

. , . -

21543,07 2 5720±286

1000 - 2.6 .

13 154

1,865m, (SE = 92m)

0.404 / 2 (95%

0.195 – 0.837), 12,162 2 3

4913 (95%- 2,372 - 10,180)

10 , , , , ,

. , (16

. 2001

6 3142,38 2

, , - ,

. 2009 ,

, - , ,

(2001 ). ,

(2001 ) .

2009 10- 10- 2010

(2001 ) .

(2001 ).

(2001 )

(20- ).

1<5 6 ( 40,0%)

18 ( 12,6%), 6<10

5 ( 33,3%) 42 (

29,4%), 11<15 2 ( 13,3%)

27 ( 18,9%), 16<20 1 (

6,7%) 16 (

11,2%), 31<40 1 ( 6,7%) 40

( 28,0%) (15- ) .

, 100:62.5, , 100:6.3, ,

100:34.4 .

6.3% 34.4% .

15 143 14

62 . 20

14.0% , 32 22.4% , 2 1.4%

, 11 7.7% . 12

4,393 ² 3,561 ²

50 95%-

444-927,

49,3%- .

, , , .

. ( ) 6

39 310 .

1- 50- ( x =7.9, SD = 9.1). 192 ,

90 , 53 , 1 , 48 .

(> 2 ) ,

1,160 -2,368, 4

1,756 . , .

1000 .

, 50-60

50-60, 10-20, 10 ,

10 . 21-

4 (2 , 2 ) . ,

, , , ,

, (22- ).

2568.9 2 330

100 - 1.3 .

3 12 , 2 ,

31 23-

8,743 2 80.8% . 194 (

1-41). 112 .

17 102 . 23 11-

. 1- 22- ( x = 4.6, SD = 4.7).

66 , 41 , 15 , 3 , 7

. (> 2 )

normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments

1,006 (SE = 140 ).

0.275 / 2 (95% 0.137 – 0.555),

2,404 2 2,123 (95% 1,198 - 4,852)

14 9937 2 3044

6.1% , , , , 4.8%

, , , , 3.2%

, , , .

- 473 2 60 ,

, 316 2 50 , - ,

481 2 140 , 570 2 110 , , 348 2

90 , , 86,0 2

50 , , , ,

1792 2 1150 , - 42 2 20 , , , 1395 2 280 , , , 1040 2

460 , 629 2

210 ( 2001).

8890.77 2 956

, 1000 - 1.06

4945.8 2 2018

, 1000 - 4.08

( 2007).

10- , 683 2

2007 100 , 553 2008

48 192 , 108 743

- , , ,

, , , ,

11 175 , 77

11 25 , 24 ,

G-10 9 32 , 23

28 12 , 3 , 5 , 8

. 43 %- ,

4 23 5.75

. 9 35 , .

6 5.83

20 11 , 3 , 2 , 4 .

55 , 15 , 10 , 20

. 3.66:1

, – , –

, 21 44 , 9 .

4.88 .

33 13 , 8 , 7 , 5 .

40 , 24 , 21

, 15 . 2.66:1

1.66:1 .

12 12 , 1 .

2007 , ,

4 . 2 8

29 , 2 .

13 2.2

1 . 26 11

, 3 , 8 , 4 . 42

, 12 , 31 , 15 .

. 3.5:1 .

9 2 , .

, 7 , ,

, , “ ”, “ ”

( ) 10

2.5 8 3 , 1 , 2 ,

2 . 1.48:1 ,

2.8: 1 2.8 .

3 14 ,

. 3 2 , 6 , 1 , 2 .

. 2007 3

14 3 5 .

17 22 .

7 25 .

2001, 2007

. 2001 9937 2

25 14 56% , 7 28%

, 4 16% .

, (568,48 2), (113,65 2) . ,

. 5 24

24 4 17% , 11 46% , 1

4% , 6 25% 2 8%-

1990- . , .

1995 1000 - 5,7 , 0,8 , 1996

1000 - 6,4 , 1,2 .

1995 2977, 1996 3333 , 1997

3250±1071 3000-3300

(Reading R.P 1997).

14 9937 2 3044

1000 - 3.1 ( . 2001).

8890.77 2 956

1000 - 1.06

. 4945.8 2 2018

, 1000 - 4.08

( 2007).

31 23-

8,743 2 80.8% . 194 (

1-41). 112 .

17 102 . 23 11-

. 1-22- ( x = 4.6, SD = 4.7). 66

, 41 , 15 , 3 , 7

. (> 2 )

half-normal key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments

1,006 (SE

= 140 ). 0.275 / 2 (95% 0.137 –

0.555), 2404 (95% 1,198 - 4,852)

. 249 109- , 78 , 6 , 2

, 23 . 52 (190 ) distance

. 2 (hazard rate key function

with a maximum of 2 cosine adjustments, half-normal key function with maximum of 2

cosine adjustments) 530

(SE = 682 ). 1.524 / 2 (95%

0.877 – 2.65), 12,162 2

13324 (95% CI 7,671 - 23,169)

2000- 3000

2001 2007

. 2009 2404

, . 2007

( , , , )

( X = 530 )

, , , ,

200 1 2009 10- 15-

. - 10 12- 7

1401 2 24 21-

72 . 19 142 .

1-17- ( x = 7.5, SD =4.6). 142 ,

84 , 26 , 7 , 25 .

half-normal key function

with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments

894 (SE = 1160 ).

0.595 / 2 (95% 0.298 – 1.188), 1,401 2 834

(95% 417 - 1,664) .

11 ( ) .

2009 10- 6- 57 , 10-

8- 11 .

0.6 / 2 .

11 4,010.05 2

8 3,587.6 2 , 6

494.22 2 , ,

. 2009 11 . - ,

, , , ,

- - , , ,

, , , ,

46 293

20 (8%) , 176 (75,%) , 3(1%) , 37 (16%)

. 2-12

2007 2009

0,6%- 1,2%, 11,2%, 1,8%- .

: : : 6,7:58,7:1:12,3 .

1,7% .

98,3 .

- 58,7:1

2007 1.6:1 2009 4.8:1 .

, 410 2 100 ,

186 2 20 , ,

410 2 110 , 886 2

10 , , , , ,

, , 957 2 200 ,

, 421 2 60 ,

342 2 20 , - 155 2

30 , 157 2 20 ,

, 126 2 110

, 3924 2 850 .

21 18- (

4,439 km2 96%). 108 6 . 90

( 2-9) . 49

. 46 293 . 1-27-

( x = 6.2, SD =5.9). 236 ,

176 , 20 , 3 , 37 .

half-normal

key function with maximum of 2 cosine adjustments

619 (SE = 1370 ).

1.084 / 2 (95% 0.339 – 3.471), 4,439 2

2330 .

2007 2001 1,5%-

2009 2007 0,7%- .

2007 2001 1,3%- , 2009 2007 30,6%-

1723,5 ² .

46 58 293

49 multiply survey

line transect 108

216 ² .

216 ² 293 .

1723,5 ² [=1723,5*293/216] 2338

5 1564.7 2

28- . , 2009

, - , ,

14 75 .

10 (28,6%) , 16 (45,7%) , 2 (5,7%) ,

32 (20%) .

: : : 5:8:1:3,2 . :

8:1 . :

8:3,2 43,8%- . , ,

. 2007 2665.4 2

. 2009 21 6- .

1-20- ( x = 5.3, SD =5.1). 35 ,

16 , 10 , 2 , 7 .

half-normal key function with maximum

of 2 cosine adjustments

703 (SE = 65 ).

0.634 / 2 (95%

0.2889 – 1.392), 4439 2 1520 (95%

1,278 - 6,179) .

5 (310, 75, 6, 5,35) , 1 6 , 4 , 1

Distance sampling

, , (40-50 ),

, (10- ), (10

), (60-70 ), , , (3-4),

(15 ), , , , (100

), (10), , , (20 ),

, , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , , , , ,

, , , , , ,

9825,4 2 (29- ).

. 1-5 (14 ) 41,2%-

. 1-10 70,6%- . 15-

, 17- .

% % 1- 5 14 36 41.2 11.0 6- 10 10 80 29.4 24.4 11- 15 2 24 5.9 7.3 16-20 3 55 8.8 16.8 21-25 2 44 5.9 13.4 25-30 2 57 5.9 17.4 31-35 1 32 2.9 9.8

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.0

1- 5 6- 10 11- 15 16-20 21-25 25-30 31-35

, 1- 22

(..- , ..- ). 1-5 (49)

69,0%- . 1-10 87,3%-

63,8% .

% % 1- 5 49 143 69.01 38.34 6- 10 13 95 18.31 25.47 11- 15 6 78 8.45 20.91 16-20 2 35 2.82 9.38 21-25 1 22 1.41 5.90

71 373 100.00 100.00 14.20 74.60 20.00 20.00

SE 8.95 21.73 12.61 5.82

, , 34 328

86.6% .

: : : 23,4: 69,9: 3,2: 3,5 .

, 841 -3,561, 4

2050 .

. 324 .

~ 121 32

189 . DISTANCE 1.63

/ 2 (95% 0.59 – 3.29) , 539 (95%

196-1,082) .

– 467 .

24-98, 58.1 . 4

19-223-

91.4 . 25 8

(7 , 1 ) ( 12 ). 7 .

461 (95%- 278 – 643), 191 (95%-

81 – 379), 652 (%- 359-1,022) 779

(95%- 269 – 1,289), 268 (95%-

5 – 820), 1,047 (%- 274 – 2,109)

( ) 2773 .

- 2009 9, 10, 11-

98 941 . 1-5

35,7%- , 1-10 66,39-

16- . -

% % 1- 5 35 119 35.71 12.65 6- 10 30 230 30.61 24.44 11- 15 15 194 15.31 20.62 16-20 9 161 9.18 17.11 21-25 5 109 5.10 11.58 26-30 2 55 2 6 31-35 0 0 0 0 36-40 2 73 2 8

98 941 100 100 12.25 117.63 12.50 12.50

SE 4.75 26.78 4.85 2.85

2000 .

2009 9, 10, 11-

: : : 26,9: 41,8:

12,6: 18,7 (20- ).

20- . -

10 , 120

2008 12-

“ ”

, , , , ,

GPS, .

. 2000 ,

3 1000- .

. , New Juulchin tour

( - ) 4

, , , , ,

6 , 2 .

1976 , 2 100

19 140 . 139

. : : :

18,7:56,8:2,9:21,6 .

100 5,1 38,0

, , , ,

14 682,5 2 180

3 135 5 , 23

27 . 7

1389 2 36-61 2

3 22 .

100 - 7

1335 2 1330

33- . .

2009 10 18,14 (95

%- 9,193 -43,135) , 36,0 (95 %-

13,840-43,8739) . ,

- (2- ). ,

, ~ 330 2 , ,

distance sampling

- 2 . 120

189 DISTANCE

539 35%

- 1047 652

21%, 34%

2001 , :

1) - .

, 2 , .

1) 2 .

2008) , .

. (IUCN2008),

(Reading et al. 1997)

4). , - , ,

5) - .

(Harris et al. 2010; R.Reading, ).

1. 50215.4 2 18,14

2. 55985.87 2 36,0

“ ”

GIS- .

, , GPS, ,

- - , , ,

- , , ( ), ( ),

( - ), .

- , , ,

- , , , ,

- , , ,

1. . , 2009, “ , , ”

2. . , . , 2009, “ - ,

, ” ,

3. . , 2009, “ , , ”

4. . , . , 2009, “ ,

, , ” ,

5. . , . , . , . , . ,

. , 2002, “ (Ovis ammon L., 1758)

, 24, 26-34.

6. . , . , . , “

, , ”

2004 . .104.

7. . , 1993,

8. . , . , . , 1995,

( ), .

9. . , . , . , . ,

, , 1997,

10. . 2001. , ,

11. . , . , 2009, “ ,

, ” ,

12. . , , 2009, “ , ,

13. , ,

, 1993,

14. . , “ , , ”

15. , , ,

1997, , .

16. . , 1970, , . 17. . , 2009, “ , ,

18. , 2000,

, , 96 .

19. . , . , 2009, “ ,

, ” ,

20. . , 2009, “ , ,

21. . , . , 2009, “ -

, , ” ,

22. . , 1978, ,

- , 13,

23. , ,

, 1993,

24. . , 2009, “ , ,

25. . , 1976, ,

, 3-28, .

26. Amgalanbaatar, S., R. P. Reading, B. Lhagvasuren, and N. Batsukh. 2002a.

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28. Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and J. L. Laake. 1993. Distance

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