Transcript
GRAMMAR BOOK!(2ND SEMESTER)
Maxmiliano Glazier
Table Of Contents
Conditional Conditional Irregulars Present Perfect Present Perfect
Irregulars Past Perfect Subjunctive Perfect Se Impersonal Saber Vs. Conocer Formal Commands Formal Irregulars
•Informal commands•Informal Irregulars•Nosotros Commands•Mono Verbs•DOP+IOP Placement•Subjunctive•Subjunctive Irregulars•Trigger Phrases•Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns•Tan/ Tanto
CONDITIONAL
Would, could, should, probability If would is used for a repeated action in the
past, the imperfect would be used At these endings to the end of the infinitive Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais ían
Conditional Irregulars
Caber-Cabr Poder-Podr Salir-Saldr Decir-Dir Poner-Poder Tener-Tendr Haber-Habr Querer-Querr Valer- Valdr Hacer-har Saber- Sabr Venir- Vendr
Present Perfect
Indicates a recently completed action It is a compound tense, used with
Haber and another verb Used to tell what has/hasn’t been
done An action that was true in the past
and is still true in the present He, has, ha, hemos, hebeís, han
Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir- Abierto Cubir- Cubierto Decir- Dicho Escribir- Escrito Hacer- Hecho Ir-Ido Ver- Visto Volver- Vuelto Romper- Roto Poner- Puesto
Past Perfect
Compound form Haber and the past participle The auxiliary verb and the past
participle are never separated He, has, ha, hemos, hebeís, han Ar- ado Ir-Ido Er-Ido
Subjunctive Perfect
Used when a verb or subject that requires the subjunctive is used in the main clause in the present, future or present perfect
Haber Haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais,
hayanAdd the past Participle- Ar-Ado/ Er-Ido/ Ir-
Ido
Se Impersonal
Can be used in all verb tenses “se” is always used in the 3rd person Can replace an indirect object
pronoun- “se lo”
Saber vs. Conocer
Saber is to know facts or information Conocer is to know people, places,
things, or literary works
Formal Commands
Ar- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “e”
Er- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “a”
Ir- Conjugate to the yo form and drop the “o” and add an “a”
Irregular Formal Commands
Tener- Tenga Venir- Venga Dar- De Ir- Vaya Ser- Sea Hacer- Haga Estar- Esté Saber- Sepa
Informal Commands
Affirmative- Conjugate to the “tu” form and drop the “s”
Negative- Change to the “yo” form, change to opposite ending, and add an “s”
Informal Irregulars
Di Haz Ve Pon Sal Sé Ten Ven
•Tengas•Vengas•Digas•Vayas•Seas•Hagas•Estés•SepasA
ffirm
ative
Negative
Nosotros Commands
Used when dealing with nosotros or “lets” in english
Change the verb to the “yo” form Add the opposite vowel and add,
“mos”
Mono Verbs
The first “s” of the affirmative reflexive is dropped, that is “mosnos” goes to “monos”
Irregulars- Vamonos, Vayamos If object pronouns are used they
must be placed at the end of the affirmative commands
DOP & IOP Placement
DOPs- lo, la, los and las IOPs- Me, te, se, nos, os Infinitive Phrases- attach to the end of
an infinitive. Place in front of a conjugated verb
•Commands- •Affirmative- attach to the end of the command•Negative- It is after the “no”, but before the command.
Present Subjunctive
Infinitive, change to the “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel
Ar verbs- a, as, a, amos, ais, an Er verbs- e, es, e, emos, eis, en
Subjunctive Irregulars
Tener- Tenga Venir- Venga Decir- Diga Ir- Vaya Ser- Sea Hacer- Haga Estar- Esté Saber- Sepa
Car- queGar- gueZar- cé
Stem changing-Er and –Ar have the same stem changes-Nosotros and vosotros change with pedir (e-i), sentir (e-i) Dormir- (o-u)
Trigger Phrases
Impersonal Expressions- Es… que Malo, importante, bueno, mejor, etc.
• Expressions of Emotions- Main clause + subordinate Clause • (sentir)- to be sorry• (es triste)- It is sad• (Temer)- To fear• (Esperar)- To hope
•Conjunctions of Time- Precedes the subjunctive after the subordinate clause• Asi que• Hasta que• Cuando• Despues de que
Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns
Este/ Esta- this Ese/ Esa- that Estos/ Estas- these Esos/ Esas- those Aquel/ Aquella- that over there Aquellos/ Aquellas- those over there
Tan and Tanto
Tan•Como- (as… as)•Used always with adjectives and adverbs
Tanto•Como- As much… as, as many…as•Used always with nouns and verbs
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