Transcript
CARMELTIA HUSKINS
Libra de gramatica
Table of Contents
Present Stem Changers Irregular “yo” Saber vs. Conocer Reflexives “Se” Impersonal Diphthongs with accents Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir Hace + Time + Que + Presente Imperfect Preterite Spock Verbs Cockroach Verbs Snake/Snakey Comparatives/ Superlatives El Futuro Commands Por Para Por vs. Para Present Perfect Double Object Pronouns Adverbs Subjunctive Se Impersonal Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)
PresentTo use the present tense of a regular verb, replace the
ar/er/ir ending with a conjugated ending.“Ar”Yo- OTu- AsUd. El/ella – ANosotros- AmosUds. Ellos/ as- An
“Er” Yo- OTu- EsUd. El/ella- ENosotros- imosUds. Ellos/ as- En
Stem ChangersAll stems change except for Nosotros
E -> IE
O -> UEE -> I
Pensar
-Pienso-Piensas-Piensa-Pensamos-Piensan
Poder
-Puedo-Puedes-Puede-Podemos-Pueden
Pide
-Pido-Pides-Pide-Pedimos-Piden
Irregular “Yo”Irregular verbs that the yo form is different
from the rest
Saber vs. ConocerBoth mean “to know” something.
Saber
-Se-Sabes-Sabe-SabemosSaben
Conocer
-Conozco-Conoces-Conoce-Conocemos-Conocen
ReflexivesWhat the action is being reflected
upon.
Acostarse: To go to bed
-Me Acosto
-Te Acostas
-Se Acosta
-Nos Acostamos
-Se AcostanLlamarse: To be calledLevantarse: To get upPonerse: To put onCansarse: To get tiredSentarse: To sit down
“Se” ImpersonalNot one specific thing or person is being specified.
Very general.
Diphthongs with AccentsWhen a weak and a strong vowel or two weak vowels combine to create
a single syllable.
Verbs like… uir/guir, cer/cir, and ger/gir
Hace + Time + Que + Present tense
This is used to show the length of time that an action took place.
Imperfect : This action has not been completed. There is no definite end or beginning. Like a continuous
movie.
Trigger words Nunca – Never A veces – Sometimes Todo el Tiempo – all of the time
El Preterito
Past TenseHas a known beginning and/or endingSnapshot of time
Trigger Words
*Ayer*Anoche*Anteayer*la semana pasada
E IAste Iste
O Io Amos Imos
Aron Ieron
Irregulares
-Car -Gar
-Zar
Que Gue Ce
Only for the yo form. Make sure that all spellings have an accent mark on the e.
Spock
Ir
Ser
Dar
Ver
Hacer
Ir FuiFuiste
FueFuimos
Fueron
DarDidisteDioDimosDieron
SerFuiFuist
eFueFuimo
sFuist
eisFuero
n
HacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron
Cucaracha Verbs
Andar anduve Conducir* conduje Decir* dije Estar estuve Hacer hice Poner puse Poder pude Querer quise Saber supe Tener tuve Traer* traje Venir vine
Snake / Snakey
Snake = E to I Ex. Pedir, Venir
Snake = O to U Morir
Snakey = O to Y Ex. Oir
Snakey = E to Y Creer
Comparatives and Superlatives
Expresses differences and comparisons
Menos + Adj + Que
Mas + Adj + Que
El Futuro
Infinitive + E, As, Emos, An
Vivire – Yo Vivire
Immediate Future = Ir + a + Infinitive
Trigger WordsLa semanaProxima Pasado Ano MananaAno
Decir dir- to say Hacer har- to make/ do Haber hab- to have Poder podr- to put, place, set Querer querr- to love Saber sabr- to leave , go out
Tener tendr- to have Valer valdr- to be worth Venir vendr- to come
Infinitive
E AsA Emos An
Por
Unit of measure Per, by
Exchange or substitution In exchange for
Object of a searchMeans by which something is done
By, By way of, by means of Reason or motive for an action
Because of, on account of, on behalf of Duration of an action
During, In Motion or general location
Around, through, along, by
Para
Who someone works forRecipient of something Comparison with others or an opinion
ConsideringPurpose + Noun
For, used forPurpose – Goal + Infinitive
In order to Destination – Towards, In the direction of Deadline – Specific time in the future
By, For
Por vs. Para
Both mean for but are not interchangeable!
Por Para
Present Perfect
Haber + -Ado or – Ido He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian
Irregulars Abrir – Abierto Cubir – Cubierto Decir – Dicho Escribir – Escrito Hacer – Hecho Morir – Muerto Poner – Puesto Resolver – Resuelto Romper – Roto Ver – Visto Volver – Vuelto Ir - Ido
Sing to the tune of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
Double Object Pronouns
Verbo + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object Pronoun Damelo! – Give it to me! Dimelo! - Tell me it! Give him the present
Da le (se) DOP
Adverbs
-mente = -lySlowly, Quickly, ReadilyChanging an adverb that ends with an “o”
Change “o” to “a” and and –mente Rapido – Rapidamente : Tranquilo – Tranquilamente
For others… Just add –mente when ending with a consonant
Facil – Facilmente : Frequente – FrequentementeIrregular Adverbs
Bastante- Bad Demasiando – Too Mal – Badly Peor – Worse Siempre - Always
Subjunctive
Indicative Subjunctive
Facts Attitudes
Real Uncertain
Definite Hypothetical
W- Wish, WantE- EmotionD-Doubt (no creer)D- DenialI- Impersonal ExpressionsN- non-ExistingG- God (Ojala) Guest
Main Clause + Connector + Subordinate Clause
Es muy importante que aprendas el subjectivo Impersonal Expressions
Es bueno que…Es mejor que…Ojala que…Es malo que…Es necesario que…Es urgente que…
Subjunctive Cont.
Regular Present Subjunctive- Hablar Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen
Irregular Yo Conducir (zco) Conduzca
Switch to opposite vowel
Ir Stem Changers
Pedir – e:i Pida, Pidamos
Sentir – e:ie Sienta
Dormir – o:ue Duerma, Duermas, Dueran
Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)
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