Grammar book

CARMELTIA HUSKINS

Libra de gramatica

Table of Contents

Present Stem Changers Irregular “yo” Saber vs. Conocer Reflexives “Se” Impersonal Diphthongs with accents Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir Hace + Time + Que + Presente Imperfect Preterite Spock Verbs Cockroach Verbs Snake/Snakey Comparatives/ Superlatives El Futuro Commands Por Para Por vs. Para Present Perfect Double Object Pronouns Adverbs Subjunctive Se Impersonal Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)

PresentTo use the present tense of a regular verb, replace the

ar/er/ir ending with a conjugated ending.“Ar”Yo- OTu- AsUd. El/ella – ANosotros- AmosUds. Ellos/ as- An

“Er” Yo- OTu- EsUd. El/ella- ENosotros- imosUds. Ellos/ as- En

Stem ChangersAll stems change except for Nosotros

E -> IE

O -> UEE -> I

Pensar

-Pienso-Piensas-Piensa-Pensamos-Piensan

Poder

-Puedo-Puedes-Puede-Podemos-Pueden

Pide

-Pido-Pides-Pide-Pedimos-Piden

Irregular “Yo”Irregular verbs that the yo form is different

from the rest

Saber vs. ConocerBoth mean “to know” something.

Saber

-Se-Sabes-Sabe-SabemosSaben

Conocer

-Conozco-Conoces-Conoce-Conocemos-Conocen

ReflexivesWhat the action is being reflected

upon.

Acostarse: To go to bed

-Me Acosto

-Te Acostas

-Se Acosta

-Nos Acostamos

-Se AcostanLlamarse: To be calledLevantarse: To get upPonerse: To put onCansarse: To get tiredSentarse: To sit down

“Se” ImpersonalNot one specific thing or person is being specified.

Very general.

Diphthongs with AccentsWhen a weak and a strong vowel or two weak vowels combine to create

a single syllable.

Verbs like… uir/guir, cer/cir, and ger/gir

Hace + Time + Que + Present tense

This is used to show the length of time that an action took place.

Imperfect : This action has not been completed. There is no definite end or beginning. Like a continuous

movie.

Trigger words Nunca – Never A veces – Sometimes Todo el Tiempo – all of the time

El Preterito

Past TenseHas a known beginning and/or endingSnapshot of time

Trigger Words

*Ayer*Anoche*Anteayer*la semana pasada

E IAste Iste

O Io Amos Imos

Aron Ieron

Irregulares

-Car -Gar

-Zar

Que Gue Ce

Only for the yo form. Make sure that all spellings have an accent mark on the e.

Spock

Ir

Ser

Dar

Ver

Hacer

Ir FuiFuiste

FueFuimos

Fueron

DarDidisteDioDimosDieron

SerFuiFuist

eFueFuimo

sFuist

eisFuero

n

HacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron

Cucaracha Verbs

Andar anduve Conducir* conduje Decir* dije Estar estuve Hacer hice Poner puse Poder pude Querer quise Saber supe Tener tuve Traer* traje Venir vine

Snake / Snakey

Snake = E to I Ex. Pedir, Venir

Snake = O to U Morir

Snakey = O to Y Ex. Oir

Snakey = E to Y Creer

Comparatives and Superlatives

Expresses differences and comparisons

Menos + Adj + Que

Mas + Adj + Que

El Futuro

Infinitive + E, As, Emos, An

Vivire – Yo Vivire

Immediate Future = Ir + a + Infinitive

Trigger WordsLa semanaProxima Pasado Ano MananaAno

Decir dir- to say Hacer har- to make/ do Haber hab- to have Poder podr- to put, place, set Querer querr- to love Saber sabr- to leave , go out

Tener tendr- to have Valer valdr- to be worth Venir vendr- to come

Infinitive

E AsA Emos An

Por

Unit of measure Per, by

Exchange or substitution In exchange for

Object of a searchMeans by which something is done

By, By way of, by means of Reason or motive for an action

Because of, on account of, on behalf of Duration of an action

During, In Motion or general location

Around, through, along, by

Para

Who someone works forRecipient of something Comparison with others or an opinion

ConsideringPurpose + Noun

For, used forPurpose – Goal + Infinitive

In order to Destination – Towards, In the direction of Deadline – Specific time in the future

By, For

Por vs. Para

Both mean for but are not interchangeable!

Por Para

Present Perfect

Haber + -Ado or – Ido He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian

Irregulars Abrir – Abierto Cubir – Cubierto Decir – Dicho Escribir – Escrito Hacer – Hecho Morir – Muerto Poner – Puesto Resolver – Resuelto Romper – Roto Ver – Visto Volver – Vuelto Ir - Ido

Sing to the tune of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star

Double Object Pronouns

Verbo + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object Pronoun Damelo! – Give it to me! Dimelo! - Tell me it! Give him the present

Da le (se) DOP

Adverbs

-mente = -lySlowly, Quickly, ReadilyChanging an adverb that ends with an “o”

Change “o” to “a” and and –mente Rapido – Rapidamente : Tranquilo – Tranquilamente

For others… Just add –mente when ending with a consonant

Facil – Facilmente : Frequente – FrequentementeIrregular Adverbs

Bastante- Bad Demasiando – Too Mal – Badly Peor – Worse Siempre - Always

Subjunctive

Indicative Subjunctive

Facts Attitudes

Real Uncertain

Definite Hypothetical

W- Wish, WantE- EmotionD-Doubt (no creer)D- DenialI- Impersonal ExpressionsN- non-ExistingG- God (Ojala) Guest

Main Clause + Connector + Subordinate Clause

Es muy importante que aprendas el subjectivo Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que…Es mejor que…Ojala que…Es malo que…Es necesario que…Es urgente que…

Subjunctive Cont.

Regular Present Subjunctive- Hablar Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen

Irregular Yo Conducir (zco) Conduzca

Switch to opposite vowel

Ir Stem Changers

Pedir – e:i Pida, Pidamos

Sentir – e:ie Sienta

Dormir – o:ue Duerma, Duermas, Dueran

Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)