Go to Section: Ch. 8 Photosynthesis. Go to Section: 8-1 Energy and Life Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food Heterotrophs.

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Ch. 8 Photosynthesis

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8-1 Energy and Life

Autotrophs – organisms such as plants, which make their own food

Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from the foods they consume

Examples: Fungi and Animals

Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.

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ATP

The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently.

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Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Section 8-1

ATP

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ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

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ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

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8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Photosynthesis - plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates - sugars and starches

Experiments in Investigating Photosynthesis

van Helmont – In 1643 after careful measurements of a plant’s water intake and mass increase, van Helmont concludes that trees gain most of their mass from water.

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Experiments Investigating Photosynthesis

Priestley – In 1771 using a bell jar, a candle, and a plant, Priestly finds that the plant releases oxygen.

Ingenhousz – In 1779 Ingenhousz finds that aquatic plants produce oxygen bubbles in the light but not in the dark. He concludes that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen.

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Photosynthesis

Requirements for photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O --------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

1) Sunlight

2) Water

3) Pigments – the plant’s principal pigment is chlorophyll; there are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic plants.

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Light Energy

Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Section 8-2

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

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Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

V B G YO R

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Section 8-2

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis

Thylakoids – the saclike photosynthetic membranes contained in the chloroplasts

Granum- a stack of thylakoids

Stroma- space outside of the thylakoids

Photosystems – clusters that contain chlorophyll and other pigments (light collecting units of the chloroplast)

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LIGHT DEPENDENT AND LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

I. Light Dependent Reactions - occurs in the photosynthetic membrane in chloroplast. It is when the energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds.

II. Light Independent Reactions - occurs outside the photosynthetic membranes in the stroma (also known as the Calvin cycle); glucose is produced (does not require light, but can occur in light).

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Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Calvin cycle

Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from

sunlight

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars

Section 8-3

Concept Map

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Chloroplast

Light

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

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HydrogenIon Movement

Photosystem II

InnerThylakoidSpace

ThylakoidMembrane

Stroma

ATP synthase

Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

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ChloropIast

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Section 8-3

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

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Interest Grabber

Feel the Burn

Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose,a six-carbon sugar.

Section 9-1

1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slowrun? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?

2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changesin how you feel?

3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could youkeep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.

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Section Outline

9–1 Chemical PathwaysA. Chemical Energy and Food

B. Overview of Cellular Respiration

C. Glycolysis

1. ATP Production

2. NADH Production

D. Fermentation

1. Alcoholic Fermentation

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

Section 9-1

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9-1 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS

GLYCOLYSIS AND RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Glycolysis

1st stage of glycolysis - takes place in cytoplasm; glucose is changed one step at a time into different molecules.

4 ADP makes 4 ATP ( 2 molecules are used to start the reaction, so there is a gain of 2 ATP’s)

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Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Chemical Pathways

Section 9-1

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Respiration

If oxygen is available then respiration can occur. It’s an aerobic process (means with air). Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy. The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

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ATP

Energy is essential to life. One molecule that is a quick source of energy for our cells is ATP.

The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down. When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, cells must have a way to capture that energy and use it efficiently. Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.

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A total of 36 ATP molecules will be produced during Glycolysis and Respiration.

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GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

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Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 Glycolysis

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

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Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 Glycolysis

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

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Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 Glycolysis

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

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Glucose Pyruvic acidLactic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation

Section 9-1

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Glucose Pyruvic acidLactic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation

Section 9-1

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Glucose Pyruvic acidLactic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation

Section 9-1

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Interest Grabber

Rolling and Folding

Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve?

To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.

Section 9-2

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Interest Grabber continued

1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?

2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?

3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the firstsheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?

4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?

Section 9-2

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Section Outline

9–2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron TransportA. The Krebs Cycle

B. Electron Transport

C. The Totals

D. Energy and Exercise

1. Quick Energy

2. Long-Term Energy

E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Section 9-2

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Flowchart

Section 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

Cellular Respiration

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Citric Acid Production

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle

Section 9-2

Mitochondrion

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Citric Acid Production

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle

Section 9-2

Mitochondrion

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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain

Section 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

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Video Contents

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Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle, Part 1

Krebs Cycle, Part 2

Electron Transport Chain, Part 1

Electron Transport Chain, Part 2

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Video 1

Aerobic Respiration

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Video 2

Glycolysis

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Video 3

Krebs Cycle, Part 1

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Video 4

Krebs Cycle, Part 2

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Video 5

Electron Transport Chain, Part 1

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Video 6

Electron Transport Chain, Part 2

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Links from the authors on Creatine

Share kimchi lab data

Interactive test

For links on cellular respiration, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3091.

For links on the Krebs cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3092.

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Interest Grabber Answers

1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slowrun? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt.

2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changesin how you feel?Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued.

3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could youkeep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells.

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Interest Grabber Answers

1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm 3.

2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper.

3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the firstsheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper.What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper).

4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place.

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Videos

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ATP Formation

Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

Calvin Cycle

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Video 1

ATP Formation

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Video 2

Photosynthesis

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Video 3

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

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Video 4

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

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Video 5

Calvin Cycle

ATP activity

Interactive test

For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.

For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.

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Interest Grabber Answers

1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?

To save money and earn interest.

2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?

Go to the bank and take out the money you need.

3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities?

Students will likely say that the body stores the energy.

4. What does your body do when it needs energy?

Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food.

Interest Grabber Answers

1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?

They convert light energy into electrical energy.

2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?

Plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?

Leaves are green, as are some stems.

4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?

The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.

Interest Grabber Answers

Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:

1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight.

2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis.

3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available.

4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.

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