GEOGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: POPULATION AND MIGRATION

IGCSEGEOGRAPHYPOPULATIONANDMIGRATION

PRESENTATION 1

Locate European cities

What patterns do you see?

Population Distribution (the concentration and spread of

people)

Population Distribution (South West USA)

North America @ night shows population

distribution

The World @ Night

Population Density (number of people per square kilometre)

Choropleth map - a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned according to the measurement of a given statistic. They provide an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area or it shows the level of variability within a region

Population Density

Cartogram: a thematic representation of population density

Natural & Social Factors that affect population density and distribution

Natural…• Relief• Climate• Vegetation• Soil• Natural resources• Water supply• Natural routes

How would each of these factors affect population density & distribution?

Human…• Economic• Political• Social

Population GrowthThe growth of the world’s population was slow until the beginning of the 19th Century (1800’s). Since then it has grown much faster…Why could this be…?But in some countries there is evidence that population growth is slowing down…Why could this be…?

Population Change

A growth or decline of a population depends on BR and DR, and to a lesser extent on migration.

What is???• Birth Rate• Death Rate • Migration

Imagine the population is the water in this cup

Births

Deaths

If what is going in (births)…

is equal to what is going out (deaths)

…

then the water level (population)

stays the same

Births

Deaths

If the birth rate is greater than the death rate…

then the population will increase.

This is called NATURAL INCREASE: where birth

rate is higher than death rate causing the

population to grow.

Births

Deaths

If the death rate is greater than the birth rate…

then the population will decrease

This is called NATURAL DECREASE: where birth

rate is less than death rate then the population will

decline.

Define:a) Birth Rateb) Death Ratec) Natural Increased) Natural Decrease

Demographic Transition Model

- Where on the graph is natural increase?- Where on the graph is natural decrease?

High Fluctuating

Late Expanding

Low Fluctuating

???Early Expanding

Indigenous Amazon tribesUK pre 1780

Bangladesh, NigeriaUK 1780-1880

Brazil, China

UK 1880-1940

Japan, NZUK post 1940

Population StructurePopulation Structure refers to the composition of the population in terms of age and sex.

Population structure is best illustrated by age-sex pyramids (aka population pyramids).

What does this pyramid tell us about:- Birth rate- Death rate- Life expectancy- Working age

population

POPULATION PYRAMIDS…• graphically display a population's age

and gender composition; • are bar graphs; • show numbers or proportions of males

and females in each age group; • show gains of cohort members due to

immigration and birth, and loss of cohort members due to emigration and death;

• reflect population growth or decline

Refer to the Population Structure hand-out which shows simplified age-sex pyramid models.1. Cut out each pyramid.2. Each pyramid matches a stage in the DTM. Glue in

each pyramid to it’s matching stage (1-4) in the space you left under your DTM.

3. Describe the BR, DR and life expectancy of each stage.

• We can discern the development of a nation by the shape of its population pyramid.

• There are four main types of population pyramid shapes, each with corresponding levels of development:

• Very Young• Youthful• Transitional• Maturing/Ageing

Least Economically Developed Countries

Moderately Developed CountriesLess Economically Developed

Countries

More Economically Developed Countries

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Very Young Youthful

Transitional Mature

These four age/sex profiles represent progressive steps along the path of the demographic transition

Very Young

Youthful

Transitional

Mature

LEDCsHigh death &birth rates large familiesshort life expectancy

MEDCslower death & birth ratessmaller families longer life expectancy.

In countries with a Mature/Ageing structure...

WHAT IF......fertility & death rates continued to drop?

...life expectancies continued to increase?

a fifth type of population structure may emerge before 2025:

• AGED population

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Very Young Youthful

Transitional

Mature Aged

• Draw up a table like this:• You will fill it in as we go through the next slides

PYRAMID STAGE

DTM STAGE DESCRIPTION CONSEQUENCES EXAMPLE

SKETCH OF

PYRMID

Very Young Population

1

Youthful Population

2

Transitional 3

Mature 4

Very Young• two thirds or more of the population is typically comprised of

young people under age 30• only 3 – 6% of the population is above 60

• High birth rate, death rate & infant mortality rate• Low life expectancy

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In 2005, there were 62 countries of this type, incl. nearly all of sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya), Asian

(Bangladesh)

YouthfulThese countries are beginning to experience progress along the demographic transition. Growth among their young age groups (birth – 29 yrs) is declining. High birth rate but infant mortality and death rates are declining, & life expectancy increasing – therefore more people reach middle age. The large youthful pop will soon reach reproductive/working age.

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In 2005, 27 countries fit this category, including almost all Central and South Asia, North Africa and parts of the Middle East (India, Egypt, Philippines).

TransitionalOlder age groups still represent a very small share of the population. Declining fertility rates result in a more equitable distribution among age groups younger than 40. Stable population growth.

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In 2005, this category included 40 developing countries from various regions. (Argentina)

MatureLargest age group consists of working-age adults from 30 to 59. This group comprises 40-55% of the population. Large proportion in post –reproductive groups. Declining proportion in pre-reproductive groups. As the pre reproductive groups enter the reproductive groups there will in time be population decline.

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In 2005, this category included 47 countries across Europe, North America, NZ, Australia, the former Soviet Republics and East Asia.

Dependent populationThe Dependent Population are those aged 0-14 years (youthful dependents) and 65+ years (elderly dependents). These people depend on the working age (15-64) population for economical support.

Aged Population Structure = Elderly Dependent Population

In the future, the age structure of MEDC’S will undergo significant changes resulting in fewer children, more older people and further ageing of the population.

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Half of NZs population will be 46 years and older by 2051, compared with a median age of 35 years in 2004.

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39

40

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Population growth and age structure

Working age group

Young People

Older People

The proportion of elderly dependents is growing while the proportion of youthful dependents is declining as NZ population ages.

Over the next 50 years the 65+ dependency ratio is projected to more than double, from 18 (people aged 65+ years) per 100 (people aged 15–64 years) in 2006 to 45 per 100 in 2061. This means that for every person aged 65+ years, there will be 2.2 people in the working-age group in 2061, compared with 5.4 people in 2006.

What would be the CONSEQUENCES of

of an ageing population?

What would be some plausible

SOLUTIONS to these consequences?

Youthful Population Structure = Young Dependent Population

Countries in Stage 2 of the DTM are LEDC’s, characterised by declining death rates and still very high birth rates. This results in over 40% of the population being aged under 15!

Problems…Youthful populations need health care and education… LEDC’s can’t afford these services. In the future, more people will reach child bearing age. This will lead to an ever increasing population in LEDCs!

Population Trends• Before the 18th century the population growth was very slow

(almost zero) because the high birth rate was cancelled out by widespread disease, wars and famines (high death rate).

• During the 19th century the population growth was still low, about 2% each year.

• However since the 20th Century, due to rapid medical and technological advances, the death rate has fallen rapidly while the birth rate has remained high =

• This pattern of decreasing death rates, but still very high birth rates (Stage 2 DTM) is evident in LEDC’s, who consequently have contributed to this global population explosion.

Population Explosion

ChinaChina is an ideal example of how government policies can change the trajectory of pop growth & population structure:Read the hand out on China’s one-child policy1. Why was the BR and FR high during the mid-20th Century?2. What was the BR and average family size during this time?3. By how much did the BR and family size decline between 1950 – 1975?4. Describe the main conditions of the One-Child Policy5. Describe the effects of the One-Child Policy to China’s population.6. Why has the Government recently relaxed the policy?7. What are these amendments to the policy?8. Sketch the population pyramid of China 2008, and what it would have

looked like without the One Child Policy.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the progressive failure of the immune system. HIV leads to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is when a person has an acute infection or cancer, which there immune system had failed to fight.So… people don’t die of AIDS, but die of another disease or infection.

HIV/AIDS epidemic & Africa’s Population

Country 1970 1998

Males Females Males Females

Zambia 46 49 36 36

Uganda 45 49 39 40

Zimbabwe 50 53 36 36

Life Expectancy is increasing globally. An anomaly to this are those countries where the AIDS epidemic has had the greatest impact; namely, sub-Saharan Africa. the average life expectancy by the worst affected countries is 48 years, whereas if the epidemic never occurred it might have been 58 years. (Despite the rising death rates, the populations of most sub-Saharan countries are still growing rapidly because birth rates are still very high.)

Activities1. Groups of 3

a) Read through the Impact of HIV/AIDS hand-outb) Summarise the impacts of HIV/AIDS

2. The Food and Agricultural Organization says “The disease is no longer just a health problem but has become a development issue as well.” Explain this statement – give examples.

3. How might poverty exacerbate the HIV/AIDS problem and increase individual vulnerabilities to the disease?

Population & ResourcesOverpopulation:This occurs when there are too many people living in an area for the resources and technology available for them to maintain an acceptable standard of living.

EG; most of sub-Saharan Africa = insufficient food, minerals and energy resources to sustain their exponentially growing population.

Resources are exploited which leads to famine, desertification, deforestation and drought. Characterised by poverty.

UnderpopulationThis occurs when there is more food, minerals, and energy resources than a country needs.

Australia & Canada. Surplus resources are exported, this raises incomes, living conditions and the GDP.

Activities1. What is “optimum population”?2. With reference to population density, explain why the

concepts of over and under are populating complex.3. Read through the National Geographic article on

Overpopulation. a) How much has Africa, Asia, Latin America, North America and

Europe’s populations grown since 1960?b) What % of the worlds pop’n live in LEDC’sc) By how much do LEDC’s contribute to global pop’n growth?d) What is likely to be the cause for population growth in MEDC’s?e) Provide 3 pieces of evidence of overpopulation in LEDC’s.f) What developments have allowed increases in food production?g) What is the major challenge for governments and industry in

providing food resources for the worlds growing population?

Migration

Why do people migrate?

Migration can be internal

…or external

…it can be voluntary

…or forced

Activities1. What is the difference between:

a) Voluntary and forced migration?b) Permanent and temporary migration?

2. What is net migration loss and net migration gain?

3. List at least 3 examples of voluntary migration.4. List at leas 3 examples of forced migration

Reasons for migration Push Pull

Social

DiscriminationLack of housingBereavement

Growth of Family

Good welfare servicesRelatives and friends

MarriageHigher Education

PoliticalCivil UnrestPersecution

Planning decision

Freedom of speechPropaganda

Political asylum

Economic

UnemploymentPoverty

High rentsHeavy taxation

High living standardsGood wagesPromotion

Resource exploitation

NaturalInaccessibilityHarsh climates

Natural disasters

Attractive sceneryFertile soils

Lack of natural hazards

Refugees1. What is a refugee?2. Why are the UN estimates of refugee’s likely to be

inaccurate?3. Why are most refugee’s women & children?4. Describe the plight of refugees.5. Study Figure 5.4. which continent has the greatest number of

refugees?6. What percentage of refugee’s are from LEDC’s?7. Why do refugee’s from LEDC’s tend to move to other LEDC’s?8. What are the main causes of refugee moments increasing

since 1980?

Refugee Case Study: Rwanda

Voluntary Migration Case Study: Mexicans -> California

1. Why do many Mexicans try to entre the USA illegally?

2. Give two reasons why the USA:a) Tries to restrict Mexican migrationb) Needs to attract seasonal Mexican labour

3. Many Mexicans move to LA. Describe the types of accommodation and jobs they are likely to find there

Obama has recently loosed the deportation law for Young Mexican Immigrants. This will affect up to 800,000 young Mexican’s in USA.WHO STAYS• Illegal immigrants will be immune from deportation if:– They were brought to the US before they turned 16 and are

younger than 30.– Have been in the country for at least five continuous years.– Have no criminal history.– Graduated from a US high school.– Or earned an equivalent diploma or certificate.– Or served in the military.

How do you think this law change will affect:- Young Mexican’s in the USA?- Illegal Mexican immigration?- USA population structure?