Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index (SPI) - 4 Mar 2013
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7/29/2019 Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index (SPI) - 4 Mar 2013
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Gender Dimension of Social
Protection Index (SPI)
The Result for Asia and the Pacific
Sri Wening Handayani, RSGS
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What is SPI?
A simple and compact indicator of
public expenditures
Intended beneficiaries divided by poor
and non-poor, and by men and women Designed to assist DMCs for
monitoring social protection programs
Provides useful information on therelative scale of SP programs
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Gender Dimension of SPI
Accessible SP is an important policyimperative
Women experience moremultidimensional of poverty
Gender references in life courses affectthe provision of SP support
SP programs are gender neutral
Womens exclusion from formal SPprograms
Impact of external shock to women
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Objective
Analyze gender dimensions of SPprograms in Asia and the Pacific
Provide recommendation on
incorporating gender dimension in SPpolicies and programs
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SP Programs and Sub-
components
ProgramSocial
Insurance
Social
Assistance
Labor Market
Programs
Sub-
components
Health
Insurance Pensions
Others forms of
social insurance
(Unemployment
benefits,
SeverancePayments,
Provident
Funds)
Social Transfers
Child Protection Health
Assistance
Assistance to
the Elderly
Disability
Programs Disaster Relief
Employment
GuaranteePrograms
Skill
Development
and Training
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How SPI is constructed?
The SPIs construction is relatively simplewhich is based on comparing two ratios:i. The ratio of total social protection expenditures
to total intended beneficiaries
SPI = (ES1+SA+LMP)
(BS1+SA+LMP)
ii. The SPI can be disaggregated by 2
components The size of the benefits (depth)
The extent of the coverage (width)
disaggregated by
sex
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SPI Results by Region
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Gender Dimension of SPI by
RegionsSocial Protection Index by Gender and by Region, 2009
Region SPI Ratio to Overall
SPI
Overall Women Men Women Men
Central and WestAsia
0.157 0.066 0.091 41.8 58.2
East Asia 0.240 0.107 0.133 44.8 55.2
South Asia 0.061 0.024 0.037 39.7 60.3
Southeast Asia 0.095 0.042 0.053 44.0 56.0
The Pacific 0.076 0.029 0.047 38.1 61.9
Overall Average 0.109 0.046 0.063 39.9 60.1
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Gender Dimensions of SPI by
SP Components and Regions
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Overall SocialInsurance
SocialAssistance
LaborMarket
Programs
Overall SocialInsurance
SocialAssistance
LaborMarket
Programs
SPI Women SPI Men
Central and West Asia
East Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
The Pacific
Overall Average
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SPI women vs. GDP log, 2009
R = 0.2792
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SPIwomen
GDP per capita, 2009 (log)
Japan
Singapore
Rep. of KoreaMongolia
Timor-LesteRMI
MalaysiaVietnam
Georgia
PRC
Sri Lanka Thailand
Maldives
PhilippinesArmenia
Nepal
Fiji
India
Pakistan
Afghanistan Solomon IslandsBangladesh
Indonesia
Tajikistan BhutanNauru
Lao PDRVanuatu
Azerbaijan
Cambodia
Uzbekistan
KyrgyzRepublic
Papua New Guinea
Palau
Samoa
Source: ADB (2012)
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Gender Dimensions of SP
Expenditures and Beneficiaries
a Other forms of social insurance are unemployment benefits, severance payments, and provident funds.
Component Total
Expenditure(in million $)
% of
Expenditure
% Expenditure % of
Beneficiaries% Beneficiaries
Male Female Male Female
Social Insurance (as %of total SP) 86 67
Pensions 600,466 51 54 46 11 64 36
Health Insurance 395,868 33 54 46 85 59 41
Other SIa 185,437 16 53 47 4 62 38
Total SI 1,181,771 100 54 46 100 57 43
Social Assistance (as %of total SP) 12 27Social Transfers 69,004 42 59 41 33 59 41
Child Protection 34,148 21 50 50 31 52 48
Disaster Relief 1,686 1 56 44 11 56 44
Assistance to the elderly 38,640 24 45 55 3 41 59
Health Assistance 6,862 4 47 53 19 44 56
Disability Programs 13,988 9 60 40 3 57 43
TotalSA 164,328 100 53 47 100 56 44
Labor Market Programs(as%oftotal SP)
3 6
Skills Development and Training 34,962 99 60 40 97 58 42
Food/Cash for Work Programs 300 1 74 26 3 64 36
TotalLMP 35,262 100 60 40 100 58 42
Total Social Protection 1,381,361 100 54 46 100 53 47
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Gender Dimensions by Size of
the Benefits and by Region
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Central and WestAsia
East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific
Depth
SI SA LMP
Source: ADB (2012)
1 - Women 2 - Men
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Gender Dimensions on the
Extent of Coverage by Region
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Central and WestAsia
East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific
Breadth
SI SA LMPSource: ADB (2012)
1 - Women 2 - Men
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Conclusions
Women has less access to SP
SI covers more men than women
Women has almost similar access to
SA as men
LMP is a very small component of SP
that has negligible impact on
promoting gender equity
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Recommendations
Proper citizen identification card Introducing universal pension and health
insurances
Expanding SA for poverty reduction andeconomic opportunities
Strengthening centralized monitoringsystem
Identify gender-sensitive SP programsand policy
Collection, analysis and dissemination ofgender-disaggregated data
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