Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index (SPI) - 4 Mar 2013

7/29/2019 Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index (SPI) - 4 Mar 2013

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Gender Dimension of Social

Protection Index (SPI)

The Result for Asia and the Pacific

Sri Wening Handayani, RSGS

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What is SPI?

A simple and compact indicator of

public expenditures

Intended beneficiaries divided by poor

and non-poor, and by men and women Designed to assist DMCs for

monitoring social protection programs

Provides useful information on therelative scale of SP programs

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Gender Dimension of SPI

Accessible SP is an important policyimperative

Women experience moremultidimensional of poverty

Gender references in life courses affectthe provision of SP support

SP programs are gender neutral

Womens exclusion from formal SPprograms

Impact of external shock to women

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Objective

Analyze gender dimensions of SPprograms in Asia and the Pacific

Provide recommendation on

incorporating gender dimension in SPpolicies and programs

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SP Programs and Sub-

components

ProgramSocial

Insurance

Social

Assistance

Labor Market

Programs

Sub-

components

Health

Insurance Pensions

Others forms of

social insurance

(Unemployment

benefits,

SeverancePayments,

Provident

Funds)

Social Transfers

Child Protection Health

Assistance

Assistance to

the Elderly

Disability

Programs Disaster Relief

Employment

GuaranteePrograms

Skill

Development

and Training

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How SPI is constructed?

The SPIs construction is relatively simplewhich is based on comparing two ratios:i. The ratio of total social protection expenditures

to total intended beneficiaries

SPI = (ES1+SA+LMP)

(BS1+SA+LMP)

ii. The SPI can be disaggregated by 2

components The size of the benefits (depth)

The extent of the coverage (width)

disaggregated by

sex

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SPI Results by Region

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Gender Dimension of SPI by

RegionsSocial Protection Index by Gender and by Region, 2009

Region SPI Ratio to Overall

SPI

Overall Women Men Women Men

Central and WestAsia

0.157 0.066 0.091 41.8 58.2

East Asia 0.240 0.107 0.133 44.8 55.2

South Asia 0.061 0.024 0.037 39.7 60.3

Southeast Asia 0.095 0.042 0.053 44.0 56.0

The Pacific 0.076 0.029 0.047 38.1 61.9

Overall Average 0.109 0.046 0.063 39.9 60.1

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Gender Dimensions of SPI by

SP Components and Regions

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Overall SocialInsurance

SocialAssistance

LaborMarket

Programs

Overall SocialInsurance

SocialAssistance

LaborMarket

Programs

SPI Women SPI Men

Central and West Asia

East Asia

South Asia

Southeast Asia

The Pacific

Overall Average

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SPI women vs. GDP log, 2009

R = 0.2792

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

SPIwomen

GDP per capita, 2009 (log)

Japan

Singapore

Rep. of KoreaMongolia

Timor-LesteRMI

MalaysiaVietnam

Georgia

PRC

Sri Lanka Thailand

Maldives

PhilippinesArmenia

Nepal

Fiji

India

Pakistan

Afghanistan Solomon IslandsBangladesh

Indonesia

Tajikistan BhutanNauru

Lao PDRVanuatu

Azerbaijan

Cambodia

Uzbekistan

KyrgyzRepublic

Papua New Guinea

Palau

Samoa

Source: ADB (2012)

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Gender Dimensions of SP

Expenditures and Beneficiaries

a Other forms of social insurance are unemployment benefits, severance payments, and provident funds.

Component Total

Expenditure(in million $)

% of

Expenditure

% Expenditure % of

Beneficiaries% Beneficiaries

Male Female Male Female

Social Insurance (as %of total SP) 86 67

Pensions 600,466 51 54 46 11 64 36

Health Insurance 395,868 33 54 46 85 59 41

Other SIa 185,437 16 53 47 4 62 38

Total SI 1,181,771 100 54 46 100 57 43

Social Assistance (as %of total SP) 12 27Social Transfers 69,004 42 59 41 33 59 41

Child Protection 34,148 21 50 50 31 52 48

Disaster Relief 1,686 1 56 44 11 56 44

Assistance to the elderly 38,640 24 45 55 3 41 59

Health Assistance 6,862 4 47 53 19 44 56

Disability Programs 13,988 9 60 40 3 57 43

TotalSA 164,328 100 53 47 100 56 44

Labor Market Programs(as%oftotal SP)

3 6

Skills Development and Training 34,962 99 60 40 97 58 42

Food/Cash for Work Programs 300 1 74 26 3 64 36

TotalLMP 35,262 100 60 40 100 58 42

Total Social Protection 1,381,361 100 54 46 100 53 47

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Gender Dimensions by Size of

the Benefits and by Region

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2


East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific

Depth

SI SA LMP

Source: ADB (2012)

1 - Women 2 - Men

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Gender Dimensions on the

Extent of Coverage by Region

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2


East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Pacific

Breadth

SI SA LMPSource: ADB (2012)

1 - Women 2 - Men

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Conclusions

Women has less access to SP

SI covers more men than women

Women has almost similar access to

SA as men

LMP is a very small component of SP

that has negligible impact on

promoting gender equity

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Recommendations

Proper citizen identification card Introducing universal pension and health

insurances

Expanding SA for poverty reduction andeconomic opportunities

Strengthening centralized monitoringsystem

Identify gender-sensitive SP programsand policy

Collection, analysis and dissemination ofgender-disaggregated data

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Gender Dimension of Social Protection Index (SPI) - 4 Mar 2013

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